Linguistics

Branches

Linguistics include a lot of branches like:

Morphology, Syntax, Phonetics, Phonology, Semantics,

 Pragmatics, Sociology-linguistics, Language Acquisition,

Historical linguistics, Classification of language and

Bibliography.

Collocation:

A collocation is two or more words that often go together.

These combinations just sound "right" to native English

speakers, who use them all the time.

Examples:

Word "BIG":

The word big is often used in collocations with a

happening or event, for example:

a big accomplishment

a big decision

a big disappointment

a big failure

a big improvement

a big mistake

a big surprise

Word " Great":

EX; Great admiration, anger, enjoyment,

excitement, fun,happiness, joy,....."

Other collocations:

Get a chance, get a job, get ready, get a ticket, get a call,

save and sound, sales force, satisfy demand, satisfy

requirement, keep a diary, keep a promise, keep a

secret, keep an appointment, keep busy, keep fit,

 keep in touch, keep quiet, kick a goal, know better,....

Adjective and noun

Bright color.

Nouns and verbs

The internet has created opportunities for his company.

Noun + noun

a surge of anger

a sense of pride

a pang of nostalgia

Verb and expression with prepositions

You could see his sister swelling with pride.

I was filled with horror when I read the newspaper report of the war.

When she spilt apple-juice on her new blue skirt the little girl burst into tears.

Verbs and adverbs

He pulled steadily on the rope and helped her to safety.

She placed the beautiful jar gently on the window ledge.

‘I love you and want to marry you,’ Michael whispered softly to Clare.

He smiled proudly as he looked at the photos of his new granddaughter.

Adverbs and adjectives

Ben and Jane are happily married.

You are fully aware that there are serious problems.

George was blissfully unaware that he was in danger.

 Idioms lesson video.

Examples:

A fool and his money are soon parted

A fool at 40 is a fool forever

Around the clock

Arm and a leg

Make waves, make or break, off the top of your head,

off hands, off the wall, out of the woods, out of the left field,

ugly as a stick, uncle Sam, under a cloud, up to the neck,

wag the dog, waiting in the wings, whole nine yards,

whole shebang,

Examples:

Look: Look at, Look for, Look out, Look after, Look like,

Look up, Look around, Look back, Look down, Look in,......

Get: up, back, in, out, on, off, along, ahead, on in,.........

Pick: Pick up, Pick out, Take back, come up with, pay for,

sell off, sell out, try on, try out, bring in, queue, fork out

Slang

   Slang is a type of language consisting of words and

 phrases that are considered to be very informal more

common in speech than in writing typically restricted

to a particular context or group of people.

  The problem for learners of English is to know when

or when not to use slang. Many people condemn slang,

but in fact we all use it. The trick is to use slang in the

 right context.

For the learner, perhaps the first thing to remember is

 that slang is normally spoken, not written. The second

 thing is that you may wish to learn slang so that you

can understand it when you hear it, but not

necessarily to use it.

Examples:

Bail — Intransitive verb for leaving abruptly.

Feeling blue; have the blues —

A feeling of depression or sadness.

A buck — Slang term for a the American dollar.

By the skin of (my/your/his/her) teeth —

just barely.

Creep (n.) —  An unpleasantly weird/strange person.

Couch Potato — A lazy person who spends the bulk

of their time engaged in things that can be done while

sitting on a couch.

Cram — To study feverishly before an exam typically

done after neglecting to study consistently.

Crash — To abruptly fall  asleep, or to show up without

 invitation.

Down to earth — And adjective for practicality and

 lack of pretense.

Chunks

When experienced readers read a text, they are able

 to recognize groups of words, such as noun phrases

or verb phrases, that go together to create meanin

g. This is known as 'chunking' and it is a way of

describing how fluent readers are able

to read a text.

1-Chunks in Speaking:

Examples:

We use chunks like:

1-You know,

2-You know what I mean,

3-I know what you’re saying,

to check and show understanding between

speaker and listener.

On the other hand,................

First of all..............

As a matter of fact,...

As a result,..........

And so forth,..........

3-Chunks as frames:

1- I don't know if...............

2-You know the boy who cried in the street yesterday?