Prepositions

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Prepositions







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A dictionary for English


Prepositions, Slang,


Collocations, Phrasal verbs


and


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Click here to get it at once.



 



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Definition



A preposition is a word or set of words that

indicates location (in, near, beside, on top of) or

some other relationship between a noun or

pronoun and other parts of the sentence (about,

after, besides, instead of, in accordance with).

A preposition isn't a preposition unless it goes with

a related noun or pronoun, called the object of the

prep.




Examples:



Let's meet before noon.


Before is a preposition; noon is its object.

We've never met before.


There is no object; before is an adverb modifying

met.

 


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  • in
  • months / seasons
  • time of day
  • year
  • after a certain period of time (when?)
  • in August / in winter
  • in the morning
  • in 2006
  • in an hour
  • at
  • for night
  • for weekend
  • a certain point of time (when?)
  • at night
  • at the weekend
  • at half past nine
  • since
  • from a certain point of time (past till now)
  • since 1980
  • for
  • over a certain period of time (past till now)
  • for 2 years
  • ago
  • a certain time in the past
  • 2 years ago
  • before
  • earlier than a certain point of time
  • before 2004
  • to
  • telling the time
  • ten to six (5:50)
  • past
  • telling the time
  • ten past six (6:10)
  • to / till / until
  • marking the beginning and end of a period of time
  • from Monday to/till Friday
  • till / until
  • in the sense of how long something is going to last
  • He is on holiday until Friday.
  • by
  • in the sense of at the latest
  • up to a certain time
  • I will be back by 6 o’clock.
  • By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
 


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Prepositions – Place (Position and


Direction)




EnglishUsageExample
  • in
  • room, building, street, town, country
  • book, paper etc.
  • car, taxi
  • picture, world
  • in the kitchen, in London
  • in the book
  • in the car, in a taxi
  • in the picture, in the world
  • at
  • meaning next to, by an object
  • for table
  • for events
  • place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
  • at the door, at the station
  • at the table
  • at a concert, at the party
  • at the cinema, at school, at work
  • on
  • attached
  • for a place with a river
  • being on a surface
  • for a certain side (left, right)
  • for a floor in a house
  • for public transport
  • for television, radio
  • the picture on the wall
  • London lies on the Thames.
  • on the table
  • on the left
  • on the first floor
  • on the bus, on a plane
  • on TV, on the radio
  • by, next to, beside
  • left or right of somebody or something
  • Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
  • under
  • on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
  • the bag is under the table
  • below
  • lower than something else but above ground
  • the fish are below the surface
  • over
  • covered by something else
  • meaning more than
  • getting to the other side (also across)
  • overcoming an obstacle
  • put a jacket over your shirt
  • over 16 years of age
  • walk over the bridge
  • climb over the wall
  • above
  • higher than something else, but not directly over it
  • a path above the lake
  • across
  • getting to the other side (also over)
  • getting to the other side
  • walk across the bridge
  • swim across the lake
  • through
  • something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
  • drive through the tunnel
  • to
  • movement to person or building
  • movement to a place or country
  • for bed
  • go to the cinema
  • go to London / Ireland
  • go to bed
  • into
  • enter a room / a building
  • go into the kitchen / the house
  • towards
  • movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
  • go 5 steps towards the house
  • onto
  • movement to the top of something
  • jump onto the table
  • from
  • in the sense of where from
  • a flower from the garden
 


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Other important Prepositions



English Usage Example
  • from
  • who gave it
  • a present from Jane
  • of
  • who/what does it belong to
  • what does it show
  • a page of the book
  • the picture of a palace
  • by
  • who made it
  • a book by Mark Twain
  • on
  • walking or riding on horseback
  • entering a public transport vehicle
  • on foot, on horseback
  • get on the bus
  • in
  • entering a car  / Taxi
  • get in the car
  • off
  • leaving a public transport vehicle
  • get off the train
  • out of
  • leaving a car  / Taxi
  • get out of the taxi
  • by
  • rise or fall of something
  • travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
  • prices have risen by 10 percent
  • by car, by bus
  • at
  • for age
  • she learned Russian at 45
  • about
  • for topics, meaning what about
  • we were talking about you


 


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Prepositions: uses



We commonly use prepositions to show a relationship

 in space or time or a logical relationship between two

 or more people, places or things. Prepositions are

most commonly followed by a noun phrase or

pronoun (underlined):



The last time I saw him he was walking down the

road. I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.

It was difficult to sleep during the flight.

It was the worst storm since the 1980s.

Give that to me.



The most common single-word


prepositions are:



about

beside

near

to

above

between

of

towards

across

beyond

off

under

after

by

on

underneath

against

despite

onto

unlike

along

down

opposite

until

among

during

out

up

around

except

outside

upon

as

for

over

via

at

from

past

with

before

in

round

within

behind

inside

since

without

below

into

than


beneath

like

through





Groups of words operate like single

prepositions:


They were unable to attend because of the bad weather in Ireland.

Jack’ll be playing in the team in place of me.

In addition to getting a large fine, both brothers were put in prison for three months.

I always get nervous when I have to speak in front of an audience.

We estimate that there’ll be up to 10,000 people at the concert.

The most common prepositions that consist of groups of words are:



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ahead of

except for

instead of

owing to

apart from

in addition to

near to

such as

as for

in front of

on account of

thanks to

as well as

in place of

on top of

up to

because of

in spite of

out of


due to

inside of

outside of




 


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Prepositions or conjunctions?



Some words which are prepositions also function as

conjunctions. When we use a preposition that is

followed by a clause, it is functioning as a conjunction;

when we use a preposition that is followed by a noun

phrase, it stays as a preposition. Among the most

common are after, as, before, since, until:



After I’d met him last night, I texted his sister at once.

(conjunction)


After the meeting last night, I texted his sister at once.

(preposition)


We’ll just have to wait until they decide what to do.

(conjunction)


Okay, we’ll wait here until six o’clock. (preposition)



Prepositions or adverbs?

Several words which are prepositions also belong to

the word class of adverbs. These include: about,

across, around, before, beyond, in, inside, near,

opposite, outside, past, round, through, under, up,

within:



There were lots of people waiting for a taxi

outside the club. (preposition)


A:

Where’s your cat?


B:

She’s outside. (adverb)


The gallery is opposite the Natural History Museum.

(preposition)


A:

Can you tell me where the bus station is?

B:

It’s over there, just opposite. (adverb)



Prepositions and abstract meanings


Common prepositions that show relationships of

space often have abstract as well as concrete

meanings.



Compare




That map you need is behind the filing cabinet. (basic spatial sense or position)


Everyone is behind the government. (behind = gives support)


Beyond the hotel were beautiful mountains. (basic spatial sense or position)

Learning Chinese in a year was beyond them all. (beyond = too difficult for)



Some common prepositions such as at, in and on

can have abstract meanings:


I think you will both need to discuss the problem in

private.


All three singers were dressed in black.


You now have the next day at leisure and can do

 whatever you wish.


Our dog stays on guard all night, even when he’s

sleeping!



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Prepositions and adjectives


We commonly use prepositions after adjectives. Here

are the most common adjective + preposition patterns.


adjectives

preposition


aware, full

of

They weren’t aware of the time.

different, separate

from

Is French very different from Spanish?

due, similar

to

This picture is similar to the one in our living room.

familiar, wrong

with

What’s wrong with Isabelle?

good, surprised*

at

We were really surprised at the price of food in restaurants on our holiday.

interested

in

Lots of people are interested in Grand Prix racing but I’m not.

responsible, good

for

Exercise is good for everyone.

worried, excited

about

We’re really excited about our trip to Argentina.

*We can also say surprised by

 


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Prepositions and nouns


Many nouns have particular prepositions which

 normally follow them:


There’s been a large increase in the price of petrol.


Does anyone know the cause of the fire?




Prepositions and verbs


Many verbs go together with prepositions to make

prepositional verbs. These always have an object:


I just couldn’t do without my phone.


Robert accused her of stealing his idea.



Phrasal-prepositional verbs contain a verb, an adverb

particle and a preposition (underlined). We cannot

separate the particle and the preposition:



The taxi is due any minute. Can you listen out for it?


I can’t put up with this noise any longer.



 



Prepositions: position and stranding


Traditional grammatical rules say that we should not

have a preposition at the end of a clause or sentence.

 However, we sometimes do separate a preposition

from the words which follow it (its complement).

 This is called preposition stranding, and it is

common in informal styles:



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She was someone to whom he could talk. (formal)

She was someone who he could talk to. (informal)

Which room are they having breakfast in? (informal)

In which room are they having breakfast? (formal)

If we leave out words that are clear from the context

(ellipsis), we can use wh-questions with a wh-word +

stranded preposition:



A:

The office is moving next year.



B:

Really, where to?


A:

I’m going to buy some flowers online.


B:

Who for?


A:

My mother.



 


External Links:


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3-Australian slang




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8-Stress in English pronunciation.



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