Communicative language teaching

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Communicative language teaching

(CLT)

Mr. / Girgis

What is CLT?

Principles

characteristics

Using the Method

Features and Techniques
Role of the teacher
Model Example

What is CLT?

Communicative language teaching (CLT), or the communicative approach, is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study.

Language learners in environments utilizing CLT techniques learn and practice the target language through interaction with one another and the instructor, study of "authentic texts" (those written in the target language for purposes other than language learning), and use of the language in class combined with use of the language outside of class

Communicative Language Teaching

The term "Communicative Language Teaching" (CLT) means different things to different teachers. To some teachers, it simply means a greater emphasis on the use of the target language in the classroom, and in particular, a greater emphasis on orality.

To other teachers, communication entails the exchange of unknown information between interlocutors.An effective knowledge of a language is more than merely knowing vocabulary and rules of grammar and pronunciation.

Learners need to be able to use the language appropriately in any social context.Theorists agree that meaningful communication supports language learning and that classroom activities must focus on the learner’s authentic needs to communicate information and ideas.

Principles

Language learning is learning to communicate using the target language.

The language used to communicate must be appropriate to the situation, the roles of the speakers, the setting and the register. The learner needs to differentiate between a formal and an informal style.

Communicative activities are essential. Activities should be presented in a situation or context and have a communicative purpose.

Typical activities of this approach are: games, problem-solving tasks, and role-play.

There should be information gap, choice and feedback involved in the activities.

Learners must have constant interaction with and exposure to the target language.

Development of the four macro-skills — speaking, listening, reading and writing — is integrated from the beginning, since communication integrates the different skills.

The topics are selected and graded regarding age, needs, level, and students’ interest.

Motivation is central. Teachers should raise students’ interest from the beginning of the lesson.

The role of the teacher is that of a guide, a facilitator or an instructor.

Trial and error is considered part of the learning process.

Evaluation concerns not only the learners’ accuracy but also their fluency.

Its basic characteristics:

1. learning to communicate through interaction .

2. The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.

3. learners focus on language and the learning process itself.

4. An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences.

5. linking classroom language learning with language activities.

Main Features and Techniques:

Meaning is paramount.

Dialogues, if used, enter around communicative functions and are not normally memorized.

Contextualization is a basic premise. (Meaning cannot be

understood out of context. Teachers using this approach will

present a grammar topic in a meaningful context.

Role of the teacher

The role of the teacher is to be facilitator of his students‟ learning. He suggests that language teachers need to assist learners by providing them with frameworks, patterns and rules to develop their communicative language skills.

The Demerits:

Teacher must be a very knowledgeable person.

Students and teacher must understand each other.

.Inadequate use of authentic materials can damage the course.

CLT approach focuses on fluency but not accuracy.

The weaker learners who struggle and cannot use the target language

continue to make mistakes and eventually give up.

Model Example 1

Structures:

(Consist of):

Guided practice model:

(Football team - 11 players)

Student1: / How many players does a...................consist of?/

Student2: / It consists of.........................................................../

Free practice:

Starting with pattern practice, then moving into communication

practice. Learners communicate using the same prompts with

new patterns in pairs:

/ Water Polo team - 5 players /

/ Baseball team - 9 players /

/ Squash team - 1 player /

/ Soccer team - 11 players /

Elicitation:

I ask the following questions and elicit the answers:

1- My learners, Can I elicit the structure from you?

2-What repeated words have you discovered through your

practice?

3-What comes before? What comes after?

Then, what is the the rule form?

Classroom Activities

1-Role-play

Role-play is an oral activity usually done in pairs, whose main goal is to develop students' communicative abilities in a certain setting.

Example:

The instructor sets the scene: where is the conversation taking place? (E.g., in a café, in a park, etc.)

The instructor defines the goal of the students' conversation. (E.g., the speaker is asking for directions, the speaker is ordering coffee, the speaker is talking about a movie they recently saw)

The students converse in pairs for a designate...

2-Interviews

An interview is an oral activity done in pairs, whose main goal is to

develop students' interpersonal skills in the TL.

Example:

The instructor gives each student the same set of questions to ask a partner.

Students take turns asking and answering the questions in pairs.

This activity, since it is highly-structured, allows for the instructor to

more closely monitor students' responses.

It can zone in on one specific aspect of grammar or vocabulary,

while still being a primarily communicative activity and giving the

students communicative benefits................

3-Group work

Group work is a collaborative activity whose purpose is to foster

communication in the TL, in a larger group setting^.

Example:

Students are assigned a group of no more than six people.
Students are assigned a specific role within the group. (E.g., member A, member B, etc.)
The instructor gives each group the same task to complete.
Each member of the group takes a designated amount of time to work on the part of the task to which they are assigned.
The members of the group discuss the information they have found, with each other and put it all together to complete the task.

4-Information gap

Information gap is a collaborative activity, whose purpose is for

students to effectively obtain information that was previously

unknown to them, in the TL.

Example:

The class is paired up. One partner in each pair is Partner A, and the other is Partner B.
All the students that are Partner A are given a sheet of paper with a time-table on it. The time-table is filled in half-way, but some of the boxes are empty.
All the students that are Partner B are given a sheet of paper with a time-table on it. The boxes that are empty on Partner A's time-table are filled in on Partner B's. There are also empty boxes on Partner B's time-table, but they are filled in on Partner A's.
The partners must work together to ask about and supply each other with the information they are both missing, to complete each other's time-tables..

5-Opinion sharing

Opinion sharing is a content-based activity, whose purpose is to

engage students' conversational skills, while talking about

something they care about.

Example:

The instructor introduces a topic and asks students to contemplate their opinions about it.
](E.g., dating, school dress codes, global warming)
The students talk in pairs or small groups, debating their opinions on the topic.

6-Scavenge hunt

A scavenger hunt is a mingling activity that promotes open

interaction between students.

Example:

The instructor gives students a sheet with instructions on it. (e.g. Find someone who has a birthday in the same month as yours.)
Students go around the classroom asking and answering questions about each other.
The students wish to find all of the answers they need to complete the scavenger hunt.