                  My Project

              A Researching study

   Language and communication research

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First,

Research Paper Structure

Research papers are organized into specific sections and each has a goal. We have listed them here.

Title
- The title is the most important part of the research paper. It draws the reader in and tells them what you are presenting. Moreover, if you think about the titles of papers that you might browse in a day and which papers you actually read, you’ll agree.
- The title should be clear and interesting otherwise the reader will not continue reading.
- Authors’ names and affiliations are on the title page.

Abstract
- The abstract is a summary of your research. It is nearly as important as the title because the reader will be able to quickly read through it.
- Most journals, the abstract can become divided into very short sections to guide the reader through the summaries.
- Keep the sentences short and focused.
- Avoid acronyms and citations.

Introduction
- Includes background information on the subject and your objectives here.

Materials and Methods
- Describe the materials used and include the names and locations of the manufacturers.
- For any animal studies, include where you obtained the animals and a statement of humane treatment.
- Clearly and succinctly explain the methods so that it can be duplicated.
- Criteria for inclusion and exclusion in the study and statistical analyses should be included.

Results
- Discuss your findings here.
- Be careful to not make definitive statements.
- Your results suggest that something is or is not true.
- This is true even when your results prove your hypothesis.

Discussion
- Discuss what your results mean in this section.

Limitations
- Discuss any study limitations. Suggest additional studies.

Acknowledgments
- Acknowledge all contributors.

References
- All citations in the text must have a corresponding reference.
- Check your author guidelines for format protocols.

Tables and Figures
- In most cases, your tables and figures appear at the end of your paper or in a separate file.
- The titles (legends) usually become listed after the reference section.
- Be sure that you define each acronym and abbreviation in each table and figure.

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Secondly,

The Researching Task

Title

Language and communication

Corresponding Authors:

1-Mr. / Girgis Hanna Haroun, the senior researcher.

2- 3 of my assistant Colleagues.

Editor

Edited by: Mr./ Girgis Hanna Haroun

Author CV:

See page: "About Me"

Supervisor:

Senior and public supervisors of English in Egypt.

The site published on:

www.bchmsg.yolasite.com

Subject:

Language and Communication Research

Online since : 2018

Affiliation:
The Ministry of Education in Egypt.

Drawing upon findings from a funded study of an academic leadership in Egypt (Ministry of Education) and provided by (full) professors, this research focuses on leadership as perceived by those on the receiving end of it.

My research is supervised by my senior and public supervisors of education in Egypt. Research on(Language and communication) is defined as the influence of one or more people on the research-related behaviour, attitudes or intellectual capacity of others. Seven specific features or keywords of my professorial research about leadership are identified and examined. They are the conflicts of interest in my research.

They include:

(Communication, Intercultural Communication skills, Application of Communication, Steps of Communication, Factors, Importance of audience, Verbal and Non-verbal communication)).

Abstract

Language and communication

This thesis has been written on commission by me, Girgis Hanna Haroun, a supervisor of English at high schools and colleges in Egypt.

Several preliminary interviews made us very interested at the situations at schools and helped us to formulate our research question: “How does communication affect the productivity of schools and organizations"

Moreover, it made our research have two purposes, one of academic character, and one of practical character. The academic purpose is in investigating relationship betweencommunication and language, i.e. efficiency and productivity. The practical purpose is in giving analysis-based recommendations about possible ways to increase productivity and efficiency toour educational organisations.

The findings of our research revealed that words, gramatical study and texts have roles.Communication is a dynamic interactive process that involves the effective transmission of facts, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and values.Intercultural communication skills are those required to communicate, or share information, with people from other cultures and social groups.Communication is instrumental or directly satisfies certain needs like physical, emotional, social, psychological.
1-To inform. 2-To entertain. 3-To regulate. 4-To instruct.
5-To influence. 6-To motivate. 7-To persuade. 8-To inquire.Types of Communication include oral and written communication, verbal and Non-verbal communication. Communication steps include;
1-Ideation:

2-Encoding
3-Transmission:

4-Decoding

5-Feedback.

Research Content:

1-Introduction

Learning how to make new discoveries that will contribute to a better understanding of how natural language is used and processed in real-life situations. Whenever we use language – whether it’s written, spoken or signed – we’re communicating. How does this work, and how and why does miscommunication occur? How does language fit together and how do we learn to understand each other?

This study provides a research devoted to the interdisciplinary study of language and communication. The investigation of language and its communication functions is treated as a concern shared in common by those working in applied linguistics, child development, cultural studies, discourse analysis, intellectual history, legal studies, language evolution, linguistic anthropology, linguistics, philosophy, the politics of language, pragmatics, psychology, rhetoric, semiotics, and socio-linguistics.

Language allows people to communicate with great precision. The Language and Communication group studies how people use language in specific discourse contexts, to share information with others, and to persuade or otherwise affect them.

Our overall goal is to understand how language is actually used,

when it is used effectively, and why.

For instance, how do particular text characteristics interact with a reader's cognitive architecture such that information is conveyed in a coherent, comprehensible way? How does language interact with people's emotional and motivational architecture so that it effectively moves or persuades them?

1-The Research Vision, Mission and Objectives

The vision is (Communication between learners, individuals, societies, nations and countries all over the world).

The mission is Doing research theses

The Objectives are:Solving problems that arise from the diverse cultures and their conflicts inside the education organizations.

2-A problem needs a solution

We faced a problem that needs a an urgent solution. The problem is: We, the researching group, noticed that the learning outcomes of high schools and colleges are low. Learners didn't practise Languages as means of communication. They used languages as subjects to be memorized to answer its exercises only through written tests..

3-Reasons for the research:

The reason for doing such research is that I and my colleagues noticed that some organizations and schools did not work as efficiently as they could, and senior managers have encountered various problems. There is no proper communication. Complaints were numersous. People worked in terms of only firm accountability and punishment. There was no vision, no mission, no ogjectives, no team work, no love or respect and no good performance. We have been asked to estimate the situation, analyze it, and come up with solutions which could increase efficiency and productivity; in other words, increase organizational performance. After preliminary interviews with the senior managers and teachers at schools, we have identified our areas of the interest: ( Practice creats communication, Communication and culture, Communication and language)

The teachers worked individually without any collaboration with their managers or school leaders. Teachers did't like change. They used traditional method of teaching like the GTM method. Learners were just listeners or stores waiting for being filled with some information that were lerarnt by heart. Learners knew nothing about any critical thinking like practice, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, imagination, creation or innovation. They didn't use teachnology in learning. There were no meeting areas between the organization managers and the people who working with them. The organizations had managers of instructions and orders not leaders that coul lead the education process forward through the leading skills that the leader should practise and apply. There is no use of language as a means of communication among learners, people and societies.

4- The researching questions:

How dodo language and grammar affect communication among learners and people?

How we make education organizations perform well and learning outcomes high through using language as a means of communication in life?

5-The problem solutions

Employers and employees must learn academically and practice actually the roles played by leadership, organizational culture, motivation and committment.

6-Objectives:

This study enables you to:

1-Use the words, grammar constructions and texts in communication 2-know that Language has influence on actions and exchanges of information.

3-deepen your knowledge of everything from how language interacts with culture and media to how language changes over time and how language enhances cognitive abilities.

2-Materials and Methods

In order to find out the answer to the research question and to fulfill both purposes of the research, we have conducted a qualitative research. We used types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis and case study research that are usually used.This has been done by interviewing twenty schools managers and 20 educational leaders or administers beside 50 teachers and senior teachers working at schools and education zones and supervision. We have tried to talk to representatives of different layers of the organizations to make our research more diversificated and complete. These semi-structured interviews resulted in qualitative data, which had been processed and analyzed using coding technique.

Our research used 2 methods:

One of academic character, and one of practical character.

1-The academic purpose is in investigating relationship between organizational structure, leadership, and communication and organizational performance, i.e. efficiency and productivity.

2-The practical purpose is in giving analysis-based recommendations about possible ways to increase productivity and efficiency toour educational organisations.

3-We used interviews, lectures, debates, experiencing, observations, analysis, synthesis, assessment, feedback and evaluation.

4-We held workshops, modeling, training units authentic field practice in actual fields and we assessed, followed and evaluated what we recommended academically before. It took 3 months to conduct our experiences that we acquired from our professors in East Anglia University, England.

3- Main Findings / Results

Language and communication Research

Findings and results:

We wrote a report that included our data, solutions and recommendations we presented.

Our teachers, senior teachers, schools managers and education organizarions leaders learnt the followinmg key findings and secondary findings we presented.

I will Present a result and then explain it, before presenting the next result then explaining it, and so on, then end with an overall synopsisThis is the preferred approachas I have multiple results of equal significance. It is more common in longer papers because it helps the reader to better understand each finding.

Finding result 1:

A-Communication Research

What is communication?

Communication is a dynamic interactive process that involves the effective transmission of facts, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and values. Communication can also be understood as an exchange of meaning and understanding. Meaning is central to communication, and transmission of meaning is the central objective of communication. Communication begins with the sender sending out message cues, which are perceived by the receiver who assigns meaning to them and responds to them as per the need. The word has been derived from Latin words ‘communis’ and ‘communicare’. The meaning of the first word suggests to make common and ‘communicare’ means to share or sharing.

Intercultural Communication Skills

Intercultural communication skills are those required to communicate, or share information, with people from other cultures and social groups.

While language skills may be an important part of intercultural communication, they are by no means the only requirement.

Intercultural communication also requires an understanding that different cultures have different customs, standards, social mores, and even thought patterns. Good intercultural communication skills requires a willingness to accept differences these and adapt to them

Finding result 1:

Tools of Communication:
1- Language. 2-Script: 3-Drawing / Painting/Sculpture.
4-Visual art. 5-Body. 6-Silence. 7-Dress/costume. 8-Surrounding / Environment.

Finding result 2:

Applications of communication

1-Interpersonal:
Communication helps us in maintaining proper inter-personal relationships. Interpersonal skills are a must in this competitive professional world. This deals with handling people and problems at various situations. This includes understanding, listening, empathizing, convincing, persuading, negotiating, motivating, driving etc.

2-Mass Communication:
We live in a society, we want to convey many important ideas, events, incidents, developments etc. to the world. Mass communication helps us in reaching the maximum at the push of one button. Newspaper, journal, magazines, Internet, Advertisement, T.V. Channels etc.

3-Organizational (intra / inter):
An organization whether profit based or not, cannot exist without communicating within and outside the organization. Organizations depend a lot on meetings, business presentation, discussions, deliberations, reports, interaction, client response etc.

4-Local / Regional/National/International:
To maintain coordination among various stages of governance and various agencies, communication is a must. Various international treaties, pacts, understandings are only possible through communication.

Process of communication:
Communication is an interactive process. The two communication agents involved in the communication process are the sender(s) and the receiver(r).

Finding result 3:

Communication consists of five steps:

1-Ideation:
Ideation refers to the formation of the idea and we tend select the message to be communicated. We also finalize the language for communication and the length and breadth of it.

2-Encoding:
It is the process of converting the idea into a particular language. Examples: (speaking, writing or non-verbal means) and the form of communication (face to face, telephonic,one-to-one, one-to-many, group communication)

3-Transmission:
It refers to the transfer of message from sender to the receiver through a proper channel.

4-Decoding:
It is the process of converting the message into thoughts by translating the received stimuli into an interpreted meaning in order to understand the message communicated.

5-Feedback:
The feedback is given by the receiver, but when the receiver is giving the feedback he/she becomes the sender and the sender becomes the receiver. That’s why it is also known as the reverse flow of communication.

Finding result 4:

Factors that influence Communication:

1-Sender & receiver.

2-Code.
3-Channel: a) Auditory channel. b) Visual channel.
4-Topic: The topic is the idea converted into a message. The topic should suit both the sender and receiver.
5-Message:In verbal communication It can be words/group of words or sentences/group of sentences.In non-verbal communication the message becomes signal sent by means of signs, symbols, gestures, postures etc.
6-Context: It is the setting in which the communication takes place. The context is dependent on factors like time of communication, place, sender/receiver, channel, code and topic etc.
7-Feedback.
8-Noise: Any interference in the message sent and the message received leads to the production of ‘noise’.
8-Barriers:
1-Physical barriers and emotional barriers. Physical barriers include medium, crowd, physical object, distance, noise etc.
2-Emotional barriers include intra personal behavior, inter personal behavior, categorical thinking, wrong assumptions etc.
9-Filters:
E.g. Social status, skill, orthodox thinking, content, culture, gender etc.

Finding result 5:

The importance of audience and purpose

Audience:
Before one begins the process of communication one must ask few questions to oneself. ‘Why am I communicating?’, ‘With whom I am going to communicate?’

Purpose:
Communication is instrumental or directly satisfies certain needs like physical, emotional, social, psychological etc...
1-To inform. 2-To entertain. 3-To regulate. 4-To instruct.
5-To influence. 6-To motivate. 7-To persuade. 8-To inquire.

Failure of communication:

1-Information gap principle:
E.g. difference in perception, preconceived notion (bias), unwanted topic, physical discomforts, disinterest in the subject, drab topic etc...

2-Information overload:
Here, we must understand that information is not knowledge. This is a world of ‘information technology.’ We tend to get many information with the click of a button through internet. But all the information received by the internet are not handy or useful.

Finding result 6:

Verbal and non-verbal communication (Body Language)

Verbal Communication:It can be either spoken (where we use sounds to represent a particular symbol) or written (we use script to represent symbols).

Qualities of Oral Communication:
1-Integrity. 2-Voice. 3-Tone. 4-Delivery. 5-Quality of the topic. 6-Enunciation and Pronunciation. 7-Accent or Diction.

Finding result 7:

Techniques to improve Oral Communication:

i) Maintain proper eye contact.
ii) Do not draw attention to your own drawbacks:
(never confess / apologize).
iii) Try to understand the audience (the audience may not have knowledge of the subject).
iv)Prepare the topic before you speak and define the purpose of speech.
v) Collect relevant materials to substantiate your talk.
vi) Organize your topic properly and outline the main points.

Finding result 8:

General rules to become a good speaker in English:

1- Make speaking a practice, except critics, voluntarily participate in discussions, read books and newspapers regularly, be an active listener.
2-Listen to radio programs in English and watch T.V shows in English.

3-Tape your speech and continuously rectify your mistake, practice continuously and speak with conviction.

4- Results / Secondary Findings

Findings and results:

We wrote a report that included our data, solutions and recommendations we presented.

Our teachers, senior teachers, schools managers and education organizarions leaders learnt the relation between education and development through the followinmg the key findings and secondary findings we presented.

I will Present a secondary result or finding and then explain it, before presenting the next result then explaining it, and so on, then end with an overall synopsisThis is the preferred approachas I have multiple results of equal significance. It is more common in longer papers because it helps the reader to better understand each finding.

Secondary Finding result 1:

Types of Oral Communication:

Formal and Informal:

1-Formal communication
It is otherwise known as official communication. In case of formal communication we use formal language. Formal communication is used for serious purposes. E.g. Debate, discussions, lectures, interview, seminars, speech, Group work, meetings, presentations, public speaking, press briefing etc.

2-Informal communication
It includes all the communication that we do either in a professional set up or in social set up without any serious purpose attached to it.

E.g. casual greetings or private conversations, chatting, gossiping etc.

Secondary Finding result 2:

Merits of Oral Communication:

i) Saves time
ii) Economical
iii) Powerful method of persuasion and control
iv) Professional Advantage (Marketing, presentation etc.)
v) Tone, pitch can convey the seriousness of the message.
vi) Immediate feedback is possible.
vii) Develops rapport and helps in making friends.
viii) Instrumental in public relations.
ix) Group communication is possible.

Secondary Finding result 3:

Drawbacks of Oral Communication:

i) Distance can be problem in communication.
ii) In case of lengthy message it becomes boring and difficult.
iii) Long retention of the message is difficult.
iv) No legal validity.
v) Feedback is sometimes biased and creates misunderstanding.
vi) Barriers and filters create a lot of problem in the process.

Secondary Finding result 4:

Written Communication:

i) Documentation: Applications, letters, circulars, memos, telegrams, forms, questionnaires, manuals, tenders etc.
ii) Books: Novels, stories, poems, articles, essays, puzzles, travelogues .
iii) Research: Samples, projects, inventory, bibliography, surveys, journals reports, thesis, dissertations, hypothesis etc.
iv) Meeting: Agenda, minutes, MOU, agreement, contract etc.
v) Print media: News, magazines, journals etc.

Steps to be followed in written communication:
i) Introduction with relevant background information and brief history.
ii) Development of case/subject.
iii) Conclusion.
iv) Recommendations (if any).

Advantages of Written Communication:
i) Accurate and precise: Any written communication is an outcome of careful study, reading and drafting, editing, re-drafting. To make it authentic collection of information and data is essential.
ii) It can be used repeatedly.
Number of times and number of readers is not binding.
iii) Permanent Record:
It can be stored for ages. Useful for future reference.
iv) Legal Document: Legal validity(legal document)
v) Useful in case of organizational matters.
vi) Wide accessibility: Internet, newspapers, books etc.)
vii) Assigning jobs and responsibilities is easy through written orders.
viii) More use of written communication increases one’s language ability.
ix) The best advantage is : it is easy to remember once you write it.

Secondary Finding result 5:

Drawbacks:

i) Time consuming: Drafting a document takes a lot of time.
ii) Not economical.
iii) No immediate feedback is possible in this type of communication.
iv) Language cannot represent the seriousness of the message. Explanation is needed to apply the emotion.
v) Absence of para language makes it difficult to comprehend the meaning unless one is used to it.

vi) In a country like India, oral communication is more effective than written. Illiteracy, negative attitude, stubbornness, unwillingness etc.

5-Discussion

The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and describe the significance of our findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated and to explain any new understanding or insights that emerged as a result of our study of the problem.

DISCUSSION provides the explanation and interpretation of results or findings by comparing with the findings in prior studies. Then, I can say that: comparted to the previous study about (Language and Communication Research), I say that my research is different .

My research recommended the following:

Nonverbal Communication:
Words or sentences are absent in this type of communication. Actions communicate in this type of communication.

Definition 1:
It refers to the transfer of meaning by body language, space, time and para language.

Definition 2:
It is the transmission of messages by some medium other than speech or writing.

Types of nonverbal communication:
i) Conscious:
Winking of an eye, traffic police gestures etc.

ii) Subliminal:
It affects our mind without our knowledge. Police uniform, Modelling, Military attire etc.

iii) Voluntary or involuntary messages:
Communicators are unaware of their body cues. Scratching the back of your head while telling a lie.
Categories: Signs, symbols, drawing/painting/sculpture, punctuations, morse code, semaphore, colour, graphs, paralanguage etc. are different categories of nonverbal communication.

Body Language:
Emblems:Regulators:Adopters: Oculesics: Haptic: Proxemics and Feet
Para language- is also an important part of nonverbal communication.

General communication and Business communication:

General Communication:
i) Deals with sharing.
ii) It takes place in a social setup.
iii) It is a process.
iv) This is emotionally related to the participants in the process.
v) It requires practice to hone the skills of communication.
vi) It is important for human existence.

Business Communication:
i) It is exchange of ideas.
ii) It takes place mostly in a business setup or organization.
iii) It is a product.
iv) This is related to action/activities.
v) This is the application of acquired skills.
vi) It helps in coordination and achievement of desired goals.

6-Limitations

“The empirical results reported herein should be considered in the light of some limitations.” Here are these limitations:

1-Time constraints

Just as researcxhers have deadlines to turn in their class papers, academic researchers also must meet the deadline for submitting a research manuscript to a journal. Therefore, the time available to study a research problem and to measure change over time is constrained by the deadline of my “assignment.” I should have Made sure I choose a research problem that I will be able to complete well before the assignment’s deadline. If time constraints negatively impacted my study in any way, acknowledge this impact by mentioning a need for a future study (e.g., a longitudinal study) to answer this research problem.

2-Conflicts arising from cultural bias and other personal issues

Researchers might be biased views due to their cultural backgrounds or perspectives of certain phenomena, and this can affect a study’s legitimacy. Also, it is possible that researchers will have biases toward data and results that only support their hypotheses or arguments. In order to avoid these problems, the author(s) of a study should examine whether the way the problem was stated and the data-gathering process were carried out appropriately. I found a difficulty , but I did it .

3-More study:

I suggest additional studies in the future as the subject of my research is of a national importance to my great country. Leading a multicultural team is bery important.

I suggest additional studies that include the following

tips:

B- Language Research

Using phonetics study and Grammar study to to communicate in English properly.

1-The Sounds of English:
This phonology or phonetics study study includes the following:
1-Vowels, diphthongs, consonants, consonant clusters, and stress. 2-Sentence rhythm, and weak forms, contrastive stress (Sentence stress) and intonation: (Falling, rising and falling-rising tones).
3-The uses of the language tones.
4-Varieties of Spoken English: Standard Indian, American and British.

I have studied phonology and linguistics in detail in Egypt and UK universities. They are the same academic studies I have studied in my university.

The Second Part of my Research:

2-The English Grammar:

We should understand the role of grammar in English communication.
1-I have learnt these linguistics as a whole in my 2 universities.
2-I have taught this course as a whole at my schools.
3-English Grammar.

Click the link below to study all about English language Grammar:

The English Language Grammar.

7-Conclusion

In conclusion, I provide a brief conclusion that ties each of the findings together and provides a narrative bridge to the discussion section of the your paper. We reached to the objectives we set before and the vision we dreamed of through implementing our mission, goals and objectives. Through conclusion, I give my recommendations.

All people at any organization should know and practise their work according to the organization princiles, values, vision, mission, goals and objectives. All people became loyal to their organization in terms of communication, responsibility, tolerence, understanding, good relation, teamwork, love, respect, the ideal atmosphere that paved the way to creation and innovation. Also, the leaders worked in terms of communication, sharing, merct, rewards, listening to complaints and speaking, justice, responsibility, equality, solving problems, Democracy, commercial awareness and technical skills.

8-Acknowledgements

I would like to express my very great appreciation to those people who helped me during my work on this thesis. They gave advice and assistance in keeping my progress on schedule.

I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr Rod in East Anglia University for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated. I thank:

(The Main supervisor,The Second supervisor,The Other academic staff in my department,The support staff, Administrative staff, The referees, funding bodies, the supervisor, Any students who undertook side projects with me, friends and colleagues) .

I would like to offer my special thanks to the students who undertook side projects with me.

I want to thank my people in charge of the education system in my country for Funding and inviting me to work on this project.

I would like to thank the schools, companies, associations and other educational associations for their assistance with the collection of my data : personnel of schools

( Affiliated Institutions ) for their direct technical help, time statistics/data and effort. Special thanks to my colleagues, for their help and support.

I wish to acknowledge the help provided by my public supervisor for his help, guidance, and advice in times when I needed it most.

I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by my professors in East Anglia Unioversity for their general supervision and general administrative support.

My special thanks are extended to the staff of my team for their writing assistance, technical editing, language editing, and proof-reading.”

Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their support and encouragement throughout my study.

9-References

1-Some texts from publications of my professors in East Anglia University, Norwich, Nofolk, England, UK.

2-Some quotations from online sites.

3-Some recommendations, guide and advice from my colleagues who worked with mecollaboratively ad shared in collecting data, analyzed them and synthesized them .