Kinds of Sentences.

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Kinds of sentences







Sentences: Kinds of Sentences According to Purpose and Structure





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1-Kinds according to purpose:




The best way to distinguish one

sentence from the other is to

memorize what each type of

sentence does. 







Four kinds:


In terms of grammar, there are four

kinds of sentences.  Also, in terms

of meaning , there are four kinds of

sentences.  To start talking about

meaning, I can say that when

people form sentences, they do

many things, they ask questions,

make requests, make statements,

or they exclaim a powerful feeling

or emotion. You can say:






Kinds of Sentences


Declarative - A declarative


sentence makes a statement.


 A declarative sentence ends with 


a period.


Example:


The house will be built on a hill.


Interrogative - An interrogative 


sentence asks a question. 


An interrogative sentence ends


with a question mark.


Example:


How did you find the card?



Exclamatory - An exclamatory 


sentence shows strange feeling.


An exclamatory sentence ends


 with an exclamation mark.


Example:


The monster is attacking!




Imperative - An imperative 


sentence gives a command.


Example:


Cheryl, try the other door.


Sometimes the subject of an



imperative sentence (you) is 


understood.


Example:

Look in the closet.

(You, look in the closet.)



 






Exercise




You should also take a piece of paper,

and make four rows, and on the top of

each row write the names of the different

types of sentences; declarative,

interrogative etc. and under those names

(declarative, interrogative etc.) write 5-10

sentences each, that apply to the kind of

sentence.




 For instance in one column you'll write

 down declarative and underneath you

would write down 5-10 sentences that

make a statement.





Try reading to, and see if you can spot

the different types of sentences. It may

 be easier to visibly see in writing which

sentences are what; you can also use

this sheet of paper to refer back to. It may

be tricky to distinguish the sentences but

with a little practice it will all get easier.




Choose:


Q 1: I am ten years old.

Interrogative

Imperative

Assertive or Declarative

Exclamatory



Q 2: Please pass the salt.

Assertive or Declarative

Imperative

Interrogative

Exclamatory


Q 3: Do you want to play?

Interrogative

Exclamatory

Imperative

Assertive or Declarative



Q 4: I didn't have time to

finish my homework last

night.

Interrogative

Assertive or Declarative

Exclamatory

Imperative


Q 5: Stay in your seat.

Imperative

Interrogative

Assertive or Declarative

Exclamatory


Q 6: I love you so much!

Imperative

Exclamatory

Assertive or Declarative

Interrogative


Q 7: What a beautiful

painting!

Imperative

Assertive or Declarative

Interrogative

Exclamatory



Q 8: Harry, try the other

 door.

Interrogative

Exclamatory

Imperative

Assertive or Declarative







 



2-According to Grammar


According to structure, there are 4

kinds of sentences:





1- Simple sentence:

It is an independent sentence.  It is

meaningful.  It has one subject and

 one verb.  Ex: John learns English.




2-Compound sentence:

It is a sentence that consists of 2

simple sentences that are connected

with a compound joining word.

Each simple sentence is is

independent and meaningful.

Ex:

I like English but Roy likes French.





3-Complex sentence:


It is a sentence that consists of 2

simple sentences.

The 2 simple sentences are

independent and meaningful.

The 2 are joined with a complex

joining word: 


Ex:


When I pushed the door inside,

I saw a  snake.





4-Phrase sentence:


It is a group of words that are

dependent.  I mean that they don't

give meaning unless they are joined

to a simple sentence with a phrase

joining word.


EX:

On hearing a loud crash,

I hurried outside.


 


Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives and

Adverbs


If a clause can stand alone as a

sentence, it is an independent clause,

 as in the following example:




Independent clause

Some clauses, however, cannot stand

 alone as sentences: in this case, they

 are dependent clause or subordinate

clause Consider the same clause

preceded by the subordinate

conjunction when:




Dependent clause


when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

In this case, the clause cannot stand

alone as a sentence since the

conjunction when suggests that the

clause is providing an explanation

for something. As this dependent

clause answers the question when?

just like an adverb does, it is called a

 dependent adverb clause (or simply

an adverb clause as adverb clauses

are always dependent clauses). Note

 that this clause can replace the

adverb tomorrow in the following

example:


Adverb

The committee will meet tomorrow


 



Noun clauses



A noun clause takes the place of a

noun in another clause or phrase. A

 noun clause may act as the   

subject or object of a verb  or as the

object of a preposition, answering the

 questions who(m)? or what?


Consider the following


examples:


Noun

I know Latin.



Noun clause

I know that Latin is no longer spoken

 as a native language.


In the first example, the noun Latin

acts as the direct object of the verb

know. In the second example, the


entire clause that Latin . . . is the

direct object.


Noun clauses may function as

indirect questions 


Noun

Their destination is unknown.





Noun clause


Where they are going is unknown.


The question where are they going?


with a slight change in word order


becomes a noun clause and


acts as the subject of the verb is.


 





Adjective Clause



An adjective clause is a dependent


clause that takes the place of an


adjective in another clause or phrase.


Like an adjective, an adjective clause


modifies a noun or pronoun, answering

 questions such as which?

or what kind of?


Consider the following examples:



Adjective

the red coat



Adjective clause

the coat that I bought yesterday

Both the adjective red (in the first

example) and the dependent clause

that I bought yesterday (in the

second example) modify the noun

coat. Note that an adjective clause

generally follows the noun or pronoun

it modifies, while an adjective usually

precedes it.




In formal writing, adjective clauses

begin with the relative pronouns:

who(m), that or which. In informal

writing or speech, you may omit the

relative pronoun when it is not the

subject of the adjective clause.



Informal

The books people read were mainly

religious.




Formal

The books that people read were

 mainly religious.



Informal

Some firefighters never meet the

people they save.



Formal

Some firefighters never meet the

people whom they

save.


 


What Is a Relative Pronoun,


and


How Does It Work?




A relative pronoun is a word that introduces a dependent (or

relative) clause and connects it to an independent clause. A

clause beginning with a relative pronoun is poised to

answer questions such as Which one? How many?

or What kind? Who, whom, what, which, and that are all

relative pronouns.




Relative clauses are also sometimes referred to as adjective

clauses, because they identify or give us additional

information about the subject of the independent clause they

relate to. Like adjectives, these clauses in some way

describe that subject. Relative pronouns, like conjunctions,

 are words that join clauses—in this case, a relative clause

 to its main clause. The type of relative pronoun used

depends on what kind of noun is being described.




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List of relative pronouns




Who: Refers to a person (as the verb’s subject)

Whom: Refers to a person (as the verb’s object)

Which: Refers to an animal or thing

What: Refers to a nonliving thing

That: Refers to a person, animal, or thing

The woman who came to the door left flowers for you.

I am not sure whom this book belongs to.

Interpretative dance, which I find a bit disconcerting,

 is all the rage.

Is this what you were talking about?

She finally visited the coffee shop that had such great reviews.





Possessive relative pronouns



It surprises some people to learn that both who and which

can take the possessive form whose. Some will argue that

 of which is a better construction when talking about things

rather than people, but this results in unnecessary

awkwardness. The truth is that whose has been widely and

correctly applied to non-humans for hundreds of years.



She apologized to the boy whose glasses got broken.

The house whose owner is on vacation has an unsightly

garden.

The house, the owner of which is on vacation, has an

unsightly garden. (This is correct but cumbersome.)





Compound relative pronouns



The term compound relative pronoun sounds complex,

but it really isn’t. Simply put, compound relative pronouns

apply universally to a number of people or things. They

include whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever.




Please tell whoever may call that I am not available.

Whomever you hire will be fine with me.

Whichever train you take from here, you will end at Charing

 Cross station.

Carly will be successful at whatever she chooses to do in life.


 


Teaching methods:


1-Competency-based teaching method


2-CLT Method.


3-Mind-mapping.


4-Constructivism.


5-Discovery education.


6-Teaching Approaches.


7-Methods for teaching.


8-Brain-based learning Method.


9-Teaching Unplugged.


10--How to conduct ELT workshop


11-Task-based language teaching.


12-Teaching Methods for 4 stages


13-Project-based learning method.


14-Problem-based learning method.


15-Inductive and Deductive method.

English Teaching Forum


2006, Volume 44,


Number 2


1-Ten Helpful Ideas for Teaching English


2-Vocabulary Activities


3- Language through Stories



4-English Clubs



5-Using Drama with Children



6-Teaching Prepositions



7- Communicative Activities


8-Using Favorite Songs



9-Songs for Children


10-Pictures for Classroom Activities


11-The Lighter Side  



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