Conversation
Imagine what would happen to language if there were no rules to follow during conversations. It would be perfectly acceptable to follow “Hi, how are you doing?” with “birds fly in the sky”, or tosimply lie with every statement you make. But then conversations would be impossible to have.
Click the link below to know about:
American, English and Urban Slang online.
A. Maxims of quality
1. Do not say what your believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
B. Maxims of quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as required.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
C. Maxim of relation
1. Be relevant.
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief.
4. Be orderly.
In Detail
1-Maxim of Quality:
According to the first rule, people are expected to say what they know to be true. When talking with each other we expect the others to tell us the truth. If your friend asks, “…have you seen my dog?” an honest answer is expected.
2-Maxim of Quantity:
According to this rule, when talking, we are expected to provide just enough information to get our point across. We usually assume that people are telling us everything we need to know. If they don’t say something, then we assume they simply don’t know that information
3-Maxim of relation
According to this rule, you are expected to stay on the topic. In other words, make sure that what you say is relevant for what is talked about. If asked, “Isn’t Larry the biggest jerk you ever met?” you certainly won’t be on topic if you answer by saying “Uh, it sure is nice for this time of year, eh?
4-Maxim of Manner:
The last rule states that your comments should be direct, clear, and to the point. This maxim relates to the form of speech you use. You shouldn’t use words you know your listeners won’t understand or say things which you know could be taken multiple ways. You should also not state something in a long, drawn-out way if you could say it in a much simpler manner. As an example, we have “Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of The Star-Spangled Banner” vs. “Miss Singer sang The Star-Spangled Banner.
Why should you follow them?
1-These maxims allow you to be more brief in communicating.
2-These maxims may be better understood as describing the assumptions listeners normally make about the way speakers will talk, rather than prescriptions for how one ought to talk.
How you teach good conversational skills:
1. Model a Good Conversation
Make a point of having one-to-two minute interactions, one-on-one, at least a few times each week with students who struggle conversationally. Share information about yourself as you might when meeting a friend or acquaintance, and show interest in the student by asking questions about his or her interests. Conversation enhancers include responses and prompts like:
- "Really?"
- "Wow!"
- "That’s interesting."
- "No kidding!"
If these students don't or won't share easily at first, don't give up.
2. Encourage Physical Cues
Identify procedures for having a conversation that includes appropriate non-verbal behavior. For example, you might teach a strategy like S.L.A.N.T. (Sit up straight. Listen. Answer and ask questions. Nod to show interest. Track the speaker.)
3. Challenge Put-Downs or Hurtful Comments
For example, if a student says, "I think what she did was really stupid," challenge with "How else can you say that without being hurtful?" If the student seems unaware, teach an alternative like, "I disagree with that." Ask the student to repeat what you said and then move on to:
- "What happened to make you feel that way?"
- "How would you have handled things differently?"
- "Do you think there is only right answer, or could there be more?"
4. Ask Open-Ended Questions
These are questions without one correct answer, questions that stimulate discussion and can be a very powerful way to reinforce the idea that there are different views of an issue, or a set of beliefs that can be equally valid. For example: "So if Columbus came knocking on your door and told you that sailing to the New World would be an amazing adventure and there might be lots of riches there, but you might never arrive because the world was flat, would you go?"
5. Put Thinking Ahead of Knowing
When asked a question, don’t accept "I don't know." Tell students that you don't require them to "know" but that you do expect them to "think." Teach them how to wonder aloud, speculate, guess or give the best answer they can. ("I'm not sure about that, but I think _____ .")
6. Have Informal Chats
Before class begins or in the hallway, ask students about their other classes, what they think about a current event, or how they feel about the outcome of a game. Share your thoughts as well. ("I thought it was more that the Jets lost the game than anything the Eagles did to win. How did you see it?")
7. Make Eye Contact
When a student is speaking in class and you are listening, give him or her your eye contact. However, gradually scan away from the speaker and direct your gaze and movement towards other students. This will often get the speaker to redirect his or her talk toward peers, and it invites peers to get and stay involved with what's being said.
8. Encourage Turn-Taking
Use an object, such as a talking stick as a signal for turn-taking. Teach your students that when they have the object, it is their turn to talk or pass while others are expected to listen.
Good conversation:
1-The best conversationalists of all ages seem to have a lively affection for and a warm interest in their fellow creatures; a curiosity about the world in general (not a petty curiosity about people’s affairs); some powers of observation and reflection; respect for their own opinions and tolerance for those of others; and tact, which comes from ready sympathy and quick thinking. And they talk for the fun of it, not to show off their knowledge.
2-A conversationalist needs a fund of information, of course, but interesting topics to talk about can come from the things they know about because people usually talk well about subjects they know.
3-The ability to see humor in everyday incidents and to tell about them in a way that amuses others is a basic ingredient of good conversation.
4-Kindliness is the basis of the most pleasing humor.
5-The secret of a good conversationalist is a genuine concern for the listener. The topic being discussed should lead to building a bridge of friendship between the participants.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Internal links:
1-Language Skills.
2-( Speaking skill ).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
External links:
1-Watch Video: Why English conversations are difficult.
2-Watch Video: Understand the conversation through listening to mini-stories.
|
51_2_3_denne-bolton.pdf Size : 139.307 Kb Type : pdf |