English Literature

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English Literature



Short story / Novel / Drama / Poetry





     Mr. / Girgis







What do we mean by literature?


John McRae (1994) distinguishes between


 literature with a capital L - the classical texts


e.g. Shakespeare, Dickens - and literature with


 a small l, which refers to popular fiction,


fables and song lyrics.


 The literature used in ELT classrooms today is no


longer restricted to canonical texts from certain


 countries e.g. UK, USA, but includes the work


 of writers from a diverse range of countries and


cultures using different forms of English.


Literary texts can be studied in their original forms

 or in simplified or abridged versions.

An increasing number of stories in English are

 written specifically for learners of other languages.



Types of literary texts:


1 Short stories

2 Poems

3 Novels

4 Plays

5 Song Lyrics.



 



Importance of teaching Literature:


Literature:


1-Gets one acquainted with the world‟s


 great minds, personalities and great


 teachers of all ages.


2-Aims at helping one understand oneself


as well as others.-


3-Provides opportunity for development of


 sensory, effective, social, intellectual and


religious senses or faculties.


4-Provides vicarious experiences to those


exposed to it


5-Trains the mind and equips the child for


 independent work and unbiased judgment


 i.e in analysis and criticism.


6-Helps one operate one‟s rationale facilities.


 It in fact exposes one to healthy human


values and attitudes, character and behavior


 and to understand the complex nature of


 human being

 

7-Helps one in analysis, interpreting and


dealing with the world of reality.


8-Helps in the acquisition of the language


 skills.


9-Imposes a high discipline on those who


 are exposed to it.


10-Broadens the cultural needs and


horizon of the child.


11-Exposes the child to the beauty and


 potentials of language


12-Encourages attempts at creative writing


 which stems from understanding a creative


processes as well as appreciating the


 principal of creativity.



 



1-Teaching a Short Story



Best Short Stories - Apps on Google Play



( Beginning / Middle / End )





Defining a Short Story



A short story is a piece of brief literature, usually


 written in narrative prose.  Short stories can be


written in a variety of formats, but the most typical


 features a small cast of characters with names


 and focuses on a single, self-contained incident.


Short stories make use of a plot and other normal


 literary components, just to a lesser and shorter


degree than a novel.  They also vary in length.



 



Types of Short  Stories


Now that we know generally what a short story is,


we can discuss the different types of short stories.


This is by no means a comprehensive list, since


 short stories come in a wide variety of lengths


 and styles.  But this is a list of the most common.



 



Defining a Short


 Story




A short story is a piece of brief literature, usually


 written in narrative prose.  Short stories can be


 written in a variety of formats, but the most typical


 features a small cast of characters with names


and focuses on a single, self-contained incident. 


Short stories make use of a plot and other normal


 literary components, just to a lesser and shorter


 degree than a novel.  They also vary in length.

 



Types of Short


Stories



Now that we know generally what a short story is,


 we can discuss the different types of short stories.


 This is by no means a comprehensive list, since


 short stories come in a wide variety of lengths and


 styles.  But this is a list of the most common.

 



Anecdote


An anecdote is a short account of something


 interesting and amusing, which usually tells


a story about a real person and/or incident. 


Often, anecdotes are used to illustrate or


support a point in an essay, article, or chapter.


 They are very short, but have no specific limits.



“In [Ralph Waldo] Emerson’s later years his


memory began increasingly to fail. He used to


 refer to it as his ‘naughty memory’ when it let


him down. He would forget the names of things,


and have to refer to them in a circumlocutory


way, saying, for instance, ‘the implement that


 cultivates the soil’ for plow.



Worse, he could not remember people’s names.


 At Longfellow’s funeral, he remarked to a friend,


‘That gentleman has a sweet, beautiful soul,


 but I have entirely forgotten his name.’


 Perhaps most touching was his term for


 umbrella–‘the thing that strangers take away.'”



 



Drabble


A drabble is an exceptionally short piece of fiction,


usually of exactly 100 words in length –


 not including the title.  The purpose of a drabble is


 extreme brevity and to test an author’s skill at


 expressing himself/herself meaningfully and


interestingly in a very confined space.


A drabble example, by the lovely Matty, is available


 over at Sugar and Blood: Light as a Feather.


  In fact, Matty has many drabble stories!



Fable


A fable is a succinct story featuring anthropomorphic


creatures (usually animals, but also mythical


creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of


 nature) to tell a story with a moral.


 Often the moral is explicitly told at the end.


 A fable is similar to a parable, but differs most


in the fact that fables use animals to tell a story


 but parables do not.

 



Fable


A fable is a succinct story featuring anthropomorphic


 creatures (usually animals, but also mythical


creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces


of nature) to tell a story with a moral.


 Often the moral is explicitly told at the end.


 A fable is similar to a parable, but differs most


in the fact that fables use animals to tell a story


but parables do not.



 



Feghoot


A feghoot is an interesting short story type also known


as a story pun or a poetic story joke.  It is a humorous


 piece ending in an atrocious pun.  It can be very short,


 only long enough to sufficiently illustrate the context


of the piece enough to lead up to the pun.


I found an interesting blog of all Feghoots.


 This one is a good example and totally groan-


worthy as the format requires: The Buck of the Draw.



 



Flash Fiction


Flash fiction refers to an extremely short piece


 of literature.  It has no widely accepted length,


but has a debated cap of between 300 and


 1000 words.


I found a whole webpage of flash fiction, called


 Flash Fiction Online.  It has a small section of


 fantasy and I thought this one a good example


 to share: One Last Night at the Carnival Before the Stars Go Out.



 



Frame Story


A frame story is also known as a frame tale or a


 nested narrative.  It is a literary technique of


placing a story within a story, for the purpose of


 introducing or setting the stage for a main


 narrative or a series of short stories.


A few good example of a frame story would be a


flashback within a larger piece or a quest within


a larger game environment.



 



Mini-saga


A mini-saga is a short story told in exactly 50 words.


  It is a test in brevity – about saying a lot with a little.


I found a fascinating guide.  It has a few examples


 and the bottom is for filling in with your exact 50 words.


  There was another page with good advice and a


 progressive piece  as an example.



 



Story Sequence


A story sequence, also called a short story cycle or


 a composite novel, is a group of short stories that


work together to form a longer piece, while still


functioning as complete short stories on their own.


It would be hard to link to an example, but the best


 I can think of are several of the works of Isaac


Asimov – the Foundation books and I, Robot


(the original book, NOT the story portrayed in the


 Will Smith movie) in particular. (the original book,


 NOT the story portrayed in the Will Smith movie)


in particular.


 They are not a novel in the traditional sense,


 but instead a collection of short stories in


chronological order that both tell small stories


 and one larger one.

 



Sketch Story


A sketch story is a shorter than average piece


 containing little or no plot.  It can be merely a


description of a character or a location.


 Character sketches are common, and a good


way to build a character that will eventually be


part of a longer piece.



 


Vignette



A vignette is a short, impressionistic piece that focuses


 on a single scene, character, idea, setting, or object.


 There is little emphasis on adhering to conventional


 theatrical or literary structure, or story development.


 It can be a stand-alone piece or part of a larger work.


From grammar.about.com’s entry for the vignette ,


an example vignette by E.B. White:



“The strong streak of insanity in railroads, which


accounts for a child’s instinctive feeling for them


and for a man’s unashamed devotion to them, is


congenital; there seems to be no reason to fear


 that any disturbing improvement in the railroads’


condition will set in.



Lying at peace but awake in a Pullman berth all one


hot night recently, we followed with dreamy satisfaction


 the familiar symphony of the cars–the diner departing


(furioso) at midnight, the long, fever-laden silences


 between runs, the timeless gossip of rail and wheel


 during the runs, the crescendos and diminuendos,


 the piffling poop-pooping of the diesel’s horn.

 



How to teach a short story in


the classroom:


1-Click here to go to( A short story lesson plan ).



2. Create a Storyboard


Storyboarding is a wonderful way to integrate art with


 story retelling. To make your own storyboard, simply


 list the elements of basic story structure you want to


focus on (e.g., beginning, middle, and end) on a page


 with a large empty box next to each element. In each


 box, have students draw a scene from a text you’ve


 read recently that illustrates that element.




3-Use the “SWBST” Strategy



The “Somebody Wanted But So Then” exercise


 provides a framework for summarizing a story by


identifying and describing key story elements.



Using a table like the one below, have students fill


 in each box with a brief summary from the story.


For older students, use more elements and increase


the level of detail required for each element.



 



4-Sample Story Map Card


Name _____________________ Part _________________


Setting:


Characters:


Time:


Place:


Problem:


Events:


Resolution:


Acting the scenes or playing the roles.


Feedback



5. Build Out Story Maps



A story map is another visual tool that helps students


 summarize story structure to improve reading


comprehension. Using a text you’ve studied, have


 your students describe selected story components.


This can be done as a class, in small groups, or


 individually. Differentiate your maps by analyzing


 simpler or more complex structure elements.



6. Teach Story Elements with


 “Pick a Card”



Write the story elements you’ve been studying on


 cards. Break students up into small groups or pairs


 and have each student pick a card without revealing


 its element. One at a time, each student reads a


 passage from a story you’ve studied that illustrates


 the element while the other students try to identify


 what’s on the card.



7. Plot the Story Structure Using a Graph


For older students, use a story graph to chart the story


 arc of plot sub-elements such as exposition, rising


 action, conflict, falling action, climax, and resolution.



On the x axis, list the desired story elements


chronologically. On the y axis, indicate excitement


 level from low at the bottom to high at the top.


Have your students plot the points for each story


 element to reveal the story arc.

 




2-Teaching a novel


Teaching Novels to Middle & High School Students - The Literary Maven




Types of novels


  • Mysteries.

  • Romance.

  • Thrillers.

  • Science Fiction.

  • Fantasy.

  • Historical Fiction.


 



  • The elements of a novel


  • Plot

  • Setting: ...

  • Characters: ...

  • Dialogue

  • Point of View: ...

  • Theme: ...

  • Conflict:

  • Symbolism: ...

  • Morals

  • Perspective

  • Genre.

  • Goal.

  • Inner Journey.

  • Tone or Audience experience.

  • Pulling it all together


 



How to teach a novel in the classroom:


2-Novel Task Cards



1-Have students get into groups and give each

 student the Task Station Record Sheet.

 Students record their responses and findings

 at each display on the record sheet.

 Alternatively, have students record their findings

 and responses in their notebooks or on their

 own paper.



2-Give students 5-10 minutes at each “station.

” Keep time for each rotation. Give students a

 one-minute warning for the next rotation and

 then announce when it’s time to rotate.


3-After groups have visited all stations, students

 can share their findings with the whole class and

 turn in their record sheets for assessment.

 Consider also having students select one of the

task stations to write about either formally or informally.


4-Find this assignment with the Task Cards as part

of The Ultimate.


 



3-Novel Theme Park Project



For this project, students work in a group to design a


theme park based upon the literary elements of a


selected novel. The various aspects of the park from


the layout to the rides to the characters should be


inspired by the novel.



Students should consider the


following questions:



What are the major themes of the novel?


How can than these themes be represented


in a theme park?


What are the major plot points of the novel?


How can these be represented by the “lands”


in the theme park?


Who are the major characters of the novel?


How can these characters inspire theme park


characters and rides?


What is the setting of the novel?


How can this setting inspire the architecture


of the park?


How can the merchandise sold in the theme park


relate to the novel?





For the Theme Park Novel Project, students

 will create:


Theme Park Map


Characters


Shows


Merchandise


After brainstorming the various aspects of their

 novel theme parks, students will present their

 theme parks to the class. Find the Theme Park
 



Tragedy



Just from the word tragedy, you can assume


that the ending will be sad. But there is more to a


 tragedy than a play with no happy ending.


 You can tell if a play is a tragedy if it includes:


A protagonist with a tragic flaw


Circumstances that quickly get out of control


and not in a funny way


Darker themes than a melodrama, such as human


suffering, hatred, or poverty


Features the downfall of a previously heroic or


 well-liked character


An irredeemable ending that results in one or


 more characters’ deaths


Reaches a tragic catharsis



 


4-Book Headlines



The purpose of a headline is to simultaneously


report key information while grabbing the attention


of the reader. A good headline tells what the


article is about and makes you want to read it.


Therefore, the words within a headline must be


carefully and purposefully chosen in order to


serve two purposes: report and persuade.



For this activity, students write three headlines


for a pre-selected book that reveal key elements


such as plot, character, and setting.


They should try to find unique angles into the


story that would catch attention while still being


relevant to the story.



This is also a great lesson to pair with rhetorical

 devices. Students should try using rhetorical

 strategies such as alliteration, puns, and repetition

 to make each headline catch more attention!

 Students then explain how the headlines connect

to the book and how they grab attention.
 



4-Book Headlines


The purpose of a headline is to simultaneously


report key information while grabbing the attention


of the reader. A good headline tells what the article


is about and makes you want to read it.


Therefore, the words within a headline must be


carefully and purposefully chosen in order to serve


two purposes: report and persuade.



For this activity, students write three headlines for a


pre-selected book that reveal key elements such


as plot, character, and setting. They should try to


find unique angles into the story that would catch


attention while still being relevant to the story.



This is also a great lesson to pair with rhetorical


devices. Students should try using rhetorical


strategies such as alliteration, puns, and repetition


to make each headline catch more attention!


Students then explain how the headlines connect


to the book and how they grab attention.



 



5-Character Instagram



Instagram is a popular social media platform that allows


users to create magazine-like layouts of images, leave


comments, and use hashtags to target key concepts


and ideas from posts. But— you probably already knew


that! For this assignment, students create a fictitious


Instagram account for a book character of their choice.


Students should consider the following questions:



What kind of content would this character post?


How would this character explain each post?


What kind of language would this character use?


Who would this character follow on Instagram?


Who would follow this character on Instagram?


What kind of comments would people leave on


this character’s posts?


How would this character comment on other posts?


Who is friends with this character?


Who is related to this character?


What are key events and issues from the story

that might appear on this character’s


Instagram feed?



The character’s Instagram page should include


the following elements:


The character’s profile


A profile pic of the character


2-3 Insta Story Highlight Covers (images, text, etc.)


3+ posts from the character


Each post must include a relevant caption that relates


to the story


Each post must contain 2-3 relevant comments


from followers


An explanation of how the IG account connects to


the book (typed & turned in separately)



 



3-Teaching a Play

Teaching Drama in the ESL Classroom — TEFL Lemon: Free ESL lesson ideas and  great content for TEFL teachers



 


example of farce Waiting for Godot



The elements of a play


Author, Atmosphere,Plot / Action, Character, Thought,

 Diction, Language (Dramatic dialogue), Music, Rhythm

and Spectacle.



Top 10 American Playwrights

Arthur Miller. Death of a Salesman, The Crucible.

Tennessee Williams. A Street Car Named Desire,

The Glass Menagerie.

Eugene O'Neill. Long Day's Journey into Night,

 The Iceman Cometh.

Edward Albee. Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf,

The Zoo Story.

Sam Shepard. Buried Child, Fool for Love.

Thornton Wilder. ...

Neil Simon. ...

David Mamet.


 



Types of Drama




Drama in literature refers to the performance of


 written dialogue and stage action. It’s a literary


 genre that allows actors to act out a writer’s


 words directly to an audience. But there’s more


 than one type of literary genre and chances are,


 you’ve seen examples of them all. Here are some


explanations and examples of different types of


 drama in literature.




Comedy



Comedies are usually humorous plays. But being


funny isn’t the only way to define a comedy!


The elements of a comedy include:


Lighthearted tone


Clever wordplay or turns of phrase


Serious topics addressed in a humorous way


Comical misunderstandings


Happy ending


Silly, offbeat characters


Often ends with a wedding, especially in


romantic comedies




One of the most famous examples of a comedy


 is William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing.


 Beatrice and Benedick transition from foes to


 lovers with clever banter and more than a few


silly misunderstandings. And, like all proper


Shakespearean comedies, it ends with a wedding!



 



Musical Drama



It’s tempting to put opera and musical drama into the


 same category. However, their production proves


 that there are significant differences between the


two. But how can you tell a musical drama apart


 from an opera? Use this checklist:


Periods of standard story-line interrupted by songs


Characters often singing in unison to express feelings


Songs as plot-changing devices


Dramatic or comedic story lines


Catchy, distinctive musical score


Often lots of singing and dancing



 


Farce


A farce is a type of broad comedy. It depends less


on a narrative story-line and more on physical


 humor, sight gags, silly jokes. Here are the parts


 of a farcical comedy:


Exaggerated humor


Slapstick gags


Nonsensical story-line


probable events


One or two settings


Humor is often crude and inappropriate



 



Opera



Operas are dramas in which the characters sing each


 line rather than speaking. The entire production is


 set to a musical score. You can tell you’re watching


 an opera if it includes these attributes:


Musical soliloquies known as arias


Plot-driving passages that can be non-melodic


A (text) set to a musical score


Subject matter that is tragic, comic, or melodramatic


Can incorporate an element of dance, but typically


 relies on singing performances


Elaborate sets, costume design, and production




One of the most famous operas of all time is


Giacomo Puccini’s.


It tells the tragic story of Rodolfo, Mimi, and the


 world of French Bohemia. Set to one of opera’s


 most memorable scores, the story reveals itself


over the course of a year.



 



Melodrama




When you hear drama, you probably think of melodrama .


Melodramas tell a serious story in serious ways.


Not sure if a drama is a melodrama?


Check if it includes the following:


Character tropes such as heroes, heroines, villains,


mentors, etc.


Sweeping stories of romance or serious topics


Larger-than-life plots and circumstances (or very


small stories told in big ways)


Exaggerated character reactions


Clear literary themes


Flawed characters who must overcome their


faults in order to reach their resolution


Ending that is sometimes happy, sometimes unhappy




Consider Henrik Ibsen’s A doll's house when referring


 to a melodrama. Nora’s over-the-top reactions place


 the play right into the definition of melodrama.


 The ending is a mix of both happiness and hope


for Nora, and sadness and despair for Torvald.



 





Tragedy



Just from the word tragedy, you can assume that


 the ending will be sad. But there is more to a


 tragedy than a play with no happy


ending. You can tell if a play is a tragedy if it includes:


A protagonist with a tragic flaw


Circumstances that quickly get out of control –


and not in a funny way


Darker themes than a melodrama, such as


human suffering, hatred, or poverty


Features the downfall of a previously heroic or


well-liked character


An irredeemable ending that results in one or more


 characters’ deaths


Reaches a tragic catharsis




 



Tragicomedy



When you combine the elements of a comedy


and a tragedy, you get a tragicomedy!



Tragicomedies are more complex than a drama


with a few jokes, or a comedy with a serious scene.


 Some ways to tell if you’re watching a tragicomedy


 are if it has:



A serious story-line told in a humorous, sardonic,


 or snide way


Tragically flawed characters whose actions don’t


 result in death


An ambiguous theme


Broad characters who act in classically comical ways


Neither a happy nor a comic ending.




 



How to teach a play in the classroom:


Task 1


Discussion about the age, background, author, title



Task 2


Discussion to elicit the theme of the play



Task 3


Eliciting the meaning of the new vocabulary



Task 4


Extensive reading for skimming the main ideas


Intensive reading for scanning the specific details



 



Task 5



Devising a plot for a play:


Divide the students up into groups. Groups can


number between three to five students.


One set of task cards is needed for every three


groups with one set as a spare.


Take the Character cards and, without showing


 them the words on the back, ask each group


 to pick two cards.


Do the same with the Emotion cards and


 Prop cards, making sure that a different


 group picks first  every time.


 Each group should end up with:two


 Character cards, two Emotion cards o


 and two Prop cards.


Tell the groups to think of a simple plot for a


 play that uses all their different cards.


They can add in other characters, emotions


and props, but they must include the ones that


 they already have. If a group gets stuck, they


can exchange three cards with the ones in


 the spare set.


When the groups have finished, ask a


spokesperson from each group to tell


 the whole class which cards their group


 picked and how they turned them into a story.



 



Task 6


Summary plot-lines


Here are 3 examples for 3 plays:


Macbeth:


Macbeth is a Scottish lord who longs to be king.

 With his wife’s encouragement, he kills the king

with a dagger and crowns himself king of Scotland.

 However he must then kill other people to keep

 the crown. One of them starts to haunt him, as

 a ghost. His wife is overcome with guilt and dies

and Macbeth is eventually killed in battle.



Romeo and Juliet:

Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers, but their

families are at war. When Juliet is told by her family

 that she must marry someone else, a priest gives

 her a sleeping potion that will make it look as if

she is dead.


The priest tries to let Romeo know about the plan,

but does not manage to tell him in time. Romeo

thinks Juliet is dead and kills himself with poison.

When Juliet wakes up, and finds Romeo dead,

she commits suicide with his dagger.



Merchant of Venice:


A young man borrows a bag of gold from a

moneylender, promising that, if he cannot pay

 him back, he will give the moneylender a pound

of his flesh. When he cannot pay, the moneylender

 takes the young man to court.

A young lady disguises herself as a lawyer in order

 to help the young man. She tells the banker he can

 have a pound of flesh, as long as he doesn’t spill

 a drop of blood.



Task 7


Extension activity


Ask the students if they can write the first scene


of their play in groups.



Homework


Ask the students to write a review of a film or a play


 that they have seen recently.

 


Teaching Poetry | LoveToKnow

4-Teaching Poetry



 



Elements of Poetry




Author, Atmosphere.


POETRY- has an overall central theme or idea


 within each poem


Images - the mental pictures the poet creates


 through language


Diction - the selection of specific words


Form - the arrangement of words, lines, verses,


rhymes, and other features.


Cadence - A rhythmic change in the inflection of


sounds from words being spoken. Sometimes referred


 to the flow of words.


Couplet - two lines of verse that rhyme at the end


 and are thought as one unit



 


Meter - A rhythm that continuously repeats a single


 basic pattern.


Rhyme - Words that end with similar sounds.


Usually at the end of a line of the poem.


Rhyming - Two lines of a poem together with the


same rhythm


Rhythm - A pattern created with sounds: hard -


soft, long - short, bouncy, quiet - loud, weak - strong .


Stanza - A part of a poem with similar rhythm and


 rhyme that will usually repeat later in the poem.


Verse - A line of a poem, or a group of lines within a


 long poem.



 



Elements of a poem:


Stanzas:


Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and

separated by an empty line from other stanzas.

 They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay.

 One way to identify a stanza is to count the number

of lines. Thus:

couplet (2 lines)

tercet (3 lines)

quatrain (4 lines)

cinquain (5 lines)

sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)

septet (7 lines)

octave (8 lines)


 


Form:


A poem may or may not have a specific number

 of lines, rhyme scheme and/or metrical pattern,

but it can still be labeled according to its form or style. 


A poem's form is its structure: elements like its line

 lengths and meters, stanza lengths, rhyme schemes

 (if any) and systems of repetition. A poem's form

 refers to its structure: elements like its line lengths

and meters, stanza lengths, rhyme schemes (if any)

and systems of repetition..


 



Types of poems:


1. Lyric Poetry:


It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily


the poet) who expresses strong thoughts and


feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones,


are lyric poems.



 



2. Narrative Poem:

It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles


 the plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict


 and characters, rising action, climax and the denouement].


3. Descriptive Poem:


It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds

 the speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives.

 While emotional, it is more "outward-focused" than

 lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective.

 



Poems sub-types :

Ode:


It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length,


 with a serious subject, an elevated style, and


an elaborate stanza pattern, 


An ode is a short lyric poem that praises an


 individual, an idea, or an event. In ancient


Greece, odes were originally accompanied by music



—in fact, the word “ode” comes from the Greek


 word aeidein, which means to sing or to chant.


Odes are often ceremonial, and formal in tone..



 



Elegy:


It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to


 be confused with a eulogy.]It has no set metric or


stanzaic pattern, but it usually begins by reminiscing


about the dead person, then laments the reason


 for the death, and then resolves the grief by


 concluding that death leads to immortality.


It often uses "apostrophe" (calling out to the dead


 person) as a literary technique. It can have a fairly


 formal style, and sound similar to an ode.



 



Sonnet:


It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the


 English version, is usually written in iambic pentameter.


 There are two basic kinds of sonnets: the Italian


 (or Petrarchan) sonnet and the Shakespearean


 (or Elizabethan/English) sonnet.


 The Italian/Petrarchan sonnet is named after


 Petrarch, an Italian Renaissance poet.



The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave


(eight lines) and a sestet


(six lines). The Shakespearean sonnet consists


 of three quatrains (four lines each) and a


 concluding couplet (two lines). The Petrarchan


 sonnet tends to divide the thought into two parts


 (argument and conclusion); the Shakespearean,


 into four (the final couplet is the summary).

 



Ballad:


It is a narrative poem that has a musical rhythm


 and can be sung. A ballad is usually organized


 into quatrains or cinquains, has a simple rhythm


structure, and tells the tales of ordinary people.

 



Epic:


It is a long narrative poem in elevated style


 recounting the deeds of a legendary or


 historical hero.  

 


Qualities of an Epic Poem:


narrative poem of great scope; dealing with the


 founding of a nation or some other heroic theme


 requires a dignified theme requires an organic


unity requires orderly progress of the action


always has a heroic figure or figures involves


supernatural forces written in deliberately


ceremonial style



 



10 Famous Poets and Poems:



Edgar Allen Poe



Birthplace: Boston


Famous poem: ”The Raven”


Famous quote: ”I have great faith in fools —


self-confidence my friends call it.”



William Shakespeare



Birthplace: Stratford-upon-Avon, England


Famous poem: ”Sonnet XVIII” (Shall I compare


 thee to a summer’s day?)


Famous quote: ”All the world’s a stage, and


all the men and women merely players: they


have their exits and their entrances; and one


 man in his time plays many parts. His acts


 being seven ages.”



 



Maya Angelou



Birthplace: St. Louis


Famous poem: ”On the Pulse of Morning”



Emily Dickinson



Birthplace: Amherst, Massachusetts


Famous poem: “‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers”


Famous quote: “Hope is the thing with feathers


 that perches in the soul — and sings the tunes


 without the words — and never stops at all.”



Shel Silverstein



Birthplace: Chicago


Famous poem: “Where the Sidewalk Ends”


Famous quote: ”What I do is good. I wouldn’t


 let it out if I didn’t think it was.”



 



Robert Frost



Birthplace: San Francisco


Famous poem: “The Road Not Taken”


Famous quote: “The woods are lovely, dark


and deep. But I have promises to keep, and


 miles to go before I sleep.”



Pablo Neruda



Birthplace: Parral, Chile


Famous poem: “I Do Not Love You Except


Because I Love You”


Famous quote: “To feel the love of people whom


 we love is a fire that feeds our life.”



E. E. Cummings



Birthplace: Cambridge, Massachusetts


Famous poem: “i carry your heart with me”


Famous quote: “It takes courage to grow up


and become who you really are.”

 



Langston Hughes



Birthplace: Joplin, Missouri


Famous poem: “I Too Sing America”


Famous quote: “Hold fast to dreams for if


dreams die, life is a broken winged bird that


cannot fly.”



Walt Whitman



Birthplace: Long Island, New York


Famous poem: “I Hear America Singing”


Famous quote: “Either define the moment or


the moment will define you.”



 





Analyzing a Poem


 Lesson Plan.


How to teach a poen in the classroom:


Read



Have your students read the poem once to


 themselves and then aloud, all the way through,


 at LEAST twice. Feel free to play a recording of


 the poem or show a video of someone reading


the poem, too. Afterward, talk to your class about


 their first impression and immediate responses,


 both positive and negative. Also, discuss the


poem's structure and rhythm.



The Title



Think about the title and how it relates to the poem.


Titles often provide important clues about what is


 at the heart of a piece.


Questions to talk about :


Does the title immediately change how you think about it?


Does the poem’s title paint a picture that gives a


specific time frame, setting or action?


Does it imply multiple possibilities?



 


The Poet



Understanding the poet is at the center of a poem


may help the piece appear more tangible to


students because they’re able to imagine a


person behind the language.


Questions to consider are:


Who “tells” the poem?


Does the poem give any clues about the speaker’s


personality, the point of view, age, or gender?


Who is the speaker addressing?


Does the speaker seem attached or detached


 from what is said?




The Mood and Tone



After talking about the speaker, it’s important to

address the attitude or mood the poem is

attempting to convey. Some can be brooding

 or grieving; others may have a song-like

 cadence and rhyme. Discuss the attitude

each speaker or characters give off. Moreover,

talk about if there places where the poem's tone

 may switch and why.


 



 The Paraphrase


Since you discussed figurative language, mood,


 setting, and speaker—there’s no better time


 than to apply what you’ve learned line-by-line.


 Paraphrasing may seem pretty self-explanatory.


You should lead students line-by-line and translate


 figurative language or unclear phrases into simple


r terms that will not get in the way of analyzing


the poem later on.



The Theme


 The theme of a poem relates to a universal truth,


 issue, or conflict. To determine the theme, look


over all of your analysis and connect the dots:


What is the subject?


Who is the speaker?


What situation are they in?


How do they feel about the subject?


What is the mood?





  • Besides,:



Learners learn about the poem


 language, figures of speech, moral


 lesson and express their impressions

in groups.



 


Course content for co-

curriculum activities:

1-Classroom Activity 1



2-Classroom Activity  2



3-Classroom Activity  3



4-Classroom Activity 4



5-Classroom Activity  5



6-Classroom Activity  6



7-Classroom Activity  7



8- Classroom Activity  8



9-Classroom Activity   9



10-Classroom Activity 10



11-Benefits of Classroom Activities



12-Pums, puzzles and Riddles.



13-Story Jokes for real communication



14-Methods of teaching words spelling.



15-Lexical Approach.

Apply these teaching

methods:


1-Creativity


1-Competency-based teaching method



2-CLT Method.



3-Mind-mapping.



4-Constructivism.



5-Discovery education.



6-Teaching Approaches.


7-brain-based learning Method.



9-Teaching Unplugged.


10--How to conduct ELT workshop



11-Task-based language teaching.



12-Teaching Methods for 4 stages



13-Project-based learning method.


14-Problem-based learning method.



15-Inductive and Deductive method.



16-Internet-based learning method.



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