Economics & Public Policy.

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Meet your lecturers in Business Management




Lecture ( 6 )


6- Economics & Public Policy.




Dr. / Girgis




Click here to go to : Abouna Fanous Site.



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E-mail  1  :  girgishannaharoun@yahoo.co.uk




  E-mail    2  : girgishanna027@gmail.com



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Economics & Public Policy.






Overview



Economic theory and models play a crucial role in the 

development and evaluation of public policy. However, 

many policymakers, analysts, and key decision makers

 lack formal training in economics, leaving them with a

 limited understanding of the economic frameworks that

 inform policy decisions and compelling them to rely on 

professional economists for insights.



The eight-week Economics for Public Policy online

 certificate course is designed to equip you with a solid 

foundation in the economic models and theories relevant

 to public policy, empowering you to become literate 

consumers of economic data and apply economic

 reasoning to real-world policy challenges with confidence.



The course covers fundamental micro- and macroeconomic 

concepts, explores how and why governments intervene in

 the market, and investigates how policies can influence 

long-term economic development. You’ll gain insights from 

professional policymakers and economists, as well as 

investigate case studies that demonstrate the influence of 

economic theory on policy outcomes. Throughout the course, 

you’ll contribute to a collaborative learning environment by 

exchanging ideas with peers and tutors in discussion forums.



By the end of the course, you’ll have established the 

foundational knowledge required to navigate the 

economics of public policy with confidence, as well 

as the practical skills to analyze and design effective 

public policies.


 



General Objective


The Economics and Public Policy (EPP) track at the

 School of Public Affairs is characterized by a clear 

disciplinary focus and aims at allowing future policymakers

to develop a solid understanding of the theoretical, empirical 

and contextual foundations of modern policy-making.

Students consolidate their understanding of foundational 

economic principles applied to public policy. Through the 

microeconomic approach, they deepen their understanding

 of, for instance, public goods, externalities, or the effects

of taxes on the production/consumption of goods.




 In macroeconomics, students can reflect on questions of

fiscal and monetary policy, or unemployment and growth. 

International economics also plays a key role, and students

 are exposed to crucial topics, such as the taxation of 

multinationals or international banking regulation.




In addition, they learn how to develop the necessary tools

 to conduct quantitative analysis of public policy, both in

 theory and in practice. At the theoretical level first, by 

discovering the array of modern econometric evaluation 

methods, and by understanding the fundamental importance

 of causality. At the practical level as well, in particular 

through the training in statistical and coding softwares.



Students will be challenged to harness and hone these and 

other professional skills through coursework that combines 

a series of projects and analytical tasks, and complete their 

core training with elective modules that further deepen 

acquired skills or encourage them to discover new areas/

topics, as well as professional experiences through internship

 or apprenticeship.



The aim of the EPP stream is to prepare students for 

national, European or international level careers in which

 they will be able to demonstrate both their analytical rigour 

and their understanding of transversal and interdisciplinary 

issues.


 


Programme of the Economics 


and Public Policy



The Economics and Public Policy stream is a four-semester 

programme with three semesters of taught courses and a 

fourth semester dedicated to external personal and/or 

professional development.



The first semester focuses primarily on the acquisition of 

and harmonisation of knowledge in foundational concepts

 and skills in microeconomics, macroeconomics, mathematics,

 quantitative/analytical methods and coding, as well as the 

development of a cross-disciplinary understanding of how 

economic policy is situated in the larger web of modern 

policy-making.




The second semester focuses on connecting economic

theory, empirical knowledge and applied skills with contextual 

case-studies and applied projects. Students further consolidate 

existing knowledge and skills, and the semester culminates

 in the presentation of a policy project that spans the first

two semesters and a number of classes.




The third semester focuses on specialisation in chosen 

economic sub-fields: international economics, macroeconomics 

and/or applied microeconomics, where the focus is applying 

more advanced knowledge




The four semester allows students to use these skills in yet 

a new, more professional context – be it a 14-week internship,

 a personal project related to public policy, an exchange 

semester or a Master’s research thesis.




Over these four semesters, the programme of the Economics 

and Public Policy stream allows students to acquire, develop 

and hone mastery in a number of theoretical and applied 

subfields of economics. A non-exhaustive list of these subfields:


  • Microeconomics and competition economics

  • Macroeconomics

  • Applied policy evaluation and econometrics

  • Behavioural policy

  • Political economics

  • International finance and economics

  • History of economic policy 



Students can also expect to garner expertise in a number 

of specialised sectors, through access to electives from 

other policy stream as well as a selection of in-stream 

electives with intersectoral focus. A non-exhaustive list of 

these sectoral collaborations:



  • European competition policy

  • European economic challenges

  • Growth and innovation policy

  • Monetary policy at the central bank levels and risk analysis

  • Health and economics of the public sector

  • Education policy

  • Labour and employment policy

  • Social policy and policies against discrimination and inequality

  • Development economics

  • Economics of sustainability



While we have no explicit entry prerequisites for the policy 

stream, students are advised that a strong quantitative and 

economics background, independent of knowledge of

 analytical tools and coding, best places students to do 

well in this policy stream. While by no means prohibitively

 or exclusionary, please note that if you are interested

 in the Economics and Public Policy stream, the 

following mathematical and economic concepts 

will be assumed to be acquired by the start of the 

first semester during M1:



Calculus (definition of a function; limit and continuity; 

derivatives and differentials; static optimization; integrating a

 function; sums and series)


Matrices (matrix calculation; matrix transpose and inversion)


Statistics (sets; probabilistic models; conditional probabilities; 

discrete, continuous and normal random variables; covariance)


Econometrics (ordinary least squares estimator)


Microeconomics (consumer and producer theory; market 

failures; basic notions of game theory)


Macroeconomics (basic understanding of growth models; 

business cycles; fiscal and monetary policies)




A compulsory math and coding camp in the week preceding

 the first semester of M1 is designed to allow students to 

refresh their knowledge of these notions but is by no 

means a replacement to prior work on these notions.



Students also have the option to take certain classes 

offered by the School of Research from their second 

semester onwards, if approved by the academic advisors

 and according to space available. Nevertheless, it is

 important to note that a doctoral dissertation cannot be

 pursued at the School of Public Affairs; candidats who

 wish to follow this path are invited to apply to the School 

of Research directly.


 



Career opportunities after the economics


 and public policy stream




Graduates from this policy stream pursue careers in a 

variety of fields related to economic policy making in 

governmental organizations, international organizations, 

public agencies, development agencies, European institutions. 

It also meets the needs of highly trained economists working

 in the private sector, for instance in banking, audits/

consultancy, corporate sector, public-private partnerships,

 or non-governmental organizations.


 




Public Policy and Economics

Whenever government makes a policy decision, that

decision affects people. It changes things. This is true

 if it is a law voted on by legislators, such as U.S.

senators, state representatives, or city council members.

It is also true if it is an executive decision by the president

 or a state governor, or even by your city’s mayor. Even a

judge’s decision in court can change how society works.




The impact can be social, such as a curfew law that

may alter your plans about what activities you can do

 and when at night you can do them. The impact can

 also be environmental, such as an anti-littering law

 that can make you think twice before risking a fine

 for throwing a gum-wrapper on the sidewalk.




The impact can also be economic. For example, the

fine you might have to pay for littering gives you an

 incentive not to litter. (An incentive is something that

motivates changes in behavior.)

That is the point of the fine, to make you not litter.




Laws and policies have an economic impact, which

means they affect economic decisions you and others

 make. They also have an impact on how the government

decides to spend taxpayers’ money.

 



Cost-Benefit Analysis

If we look a little closer at the economic impact, we

 can see how policymakers take it into account when

 they are deciding public policy. Let’s take the curfew

 law as an example. Forbidding young people from

staying out in public past a certain time may limit

what after-school jobs you can consider.



 It may also lead to lower revenue, or money from

sales, for local restaurants, movie theaters, and

shops where you like to go. It may also require

additional police on the streets for a while, at least,

 to enforce the law. These are some of the costs of

the new policy.



On the other hand, it may also lead to benefits to you

 and to society. Often, curfews are passed because

of either a rise in youth crime or a rise in dangers to

youth because of crime, such as activities or sales

of illegal drugs. With a curfew, crime may go down,

 adult customers may then feel safer, local businesses

 may attract more business, and youth may be better

protected. A reduction of crime would benefit society as

 a whole. You, too, may have an incentive to stay home

and get to bed earlier, which will lead to more productive

 days at school and better health. These are some of the 

benefits of the new policy.



Cost-benefit analysis can be summarized this way: 

Policymakers in government weigh the costs against

 the benefits of a policy. If the costs outweigh the benefits,

then the policy is probably not worth making. If, however,

the benefits outweigh the costs, then the policy is

probablyCost-Benefit Analysis.




If we look a little closer at the economic impact, we can

 see how policymakers take it into account when they

are deciding public policy. Let’s take the curfew law as

an example. Forbidding young people from staying out

 in public past a certain time may limit what after-school

jobs you can consider. It may also lead to lower revenue,

or money from sales, for local restaurants, movie theaters,

 and shops where you like to go. It may also require

additional police on the streets for a while, at least, to

enforce the law. These are some of the costs of the

new policy.




On the other hand, it may also lead to benefits to you

 and to society. Often, curfews are passed because of

 either a rise in youth crime or a rise in dangers to youth

because of crime, such as gang activities or sales of

illegal drugs. With a curfew, crime may go down, adult 

customers may then feel safer, local businesses may

attract more business, and youth may be better

protected. A reduction of crime would benefit society

 as a whole. 



You, too, may have an incentive to stay home and get

to bed earlier, which will lead to more productive days

at school and better health. These are some of the

benefits of the new policy.




Cost-benefit analysis can be summarized this way:

Policymakers in government weigh the costs against

the benefits of a policy. If the costs outweigh the benefits,

then the policy is probably not worth making. If, however,

the benefits outweigh the costs, then the policy is probably

good idea and can probably get support from people in the

community. The costs, of course, will have to be paid for. 

Taxpayers generally have to pay for government services,

like police or road repair.



Is it worth it? That is the question you must ask whenever

you do a cost-benefit analysis of a public policy. Policymakers 

do a cost-benefit analysis in almost all of their decisions.

 



Case Study: Minimum Wage


A hotly debated issue in the United States is the minimum 

wage, the lowest amount that an employer may legally pay

 an employee for one hour of that employee’s labor. 

Economists call the minimum wage a price floor, a minimum 

price set for a good or service. The federal government has

set a minimum wage over the years under a law called the

Fair Labor Standards Act. State governments may set a

higher minimum wage than the federal government.




The federal minimum wage was 75 cents per hour in

1949, $2 per hour in 1974, $5.15 per hour in 1997, and

 $7.25 per hour in 2009. You can see it increased over

 the years, largely due to inflation, or the decreased value

of the U.S. dollar.

What are the costs of the minimum wage? Opponents of the

 minimum wage argue that the increased cost of employing

people leads to a decrease in the demand for workers.

In other words, fewer people get hired. Private businesses

are employers and must pay workers the minimum or else

 risk investigation and even prosecution by a government 

agency responsible for enforcing the law. Of course, 

government itself is an employer and must pay the

minimum wage to its own employees, too.



What are the benefits of the minimum wage? Supporters

 of the minimum wage argue that workers will have more

 money to spend on goods and services, which puts more 

money into the economy. The increased demand for goods

and services gives businesses and government an incentive

 to employ more people, not fewer people. Supporters also

argue that the minimum wage has the benefit of fairness,

so that workers can afford to live decently with adequate

 food, clothing, and shelter.




Discussion


1. How does public policy affect the economy?

2. What is a price floor?

 What do you think a price ceiling might be?

Give an example of each.

3. What is the purpose of the minimum-wage law

described in the reading?

4. What are the costs of raising the minimum wage?

 What are the benefits? 

Can you think of other costs and benefits not mentioned here?

5. What are the first few civic actions citizens can take to 

address the issue

 


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Teaching Forum 2014, Volume

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