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Think Like A Greek Philosopher: Improve Critical Thinking, Sharpen  Persuasion Skills, and Perfect the Art of Inquiry Through Socratic  Questioning - E-bok - Steven Schuster - Storytel

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A summary for my




Researching Journal




 Article about:




Critical thinking :  5





Critical thinking  5




Critical thinking and higher


 education




Jesus:


The Master



of 


Critical Thinking



WHAT WOULD AN "INN & SUITES" JESUS DO?


Have you ever considered Jesus Christ, the

thinker? Let’s dig into it in this Diving Deeper!

“Does not the ear test words, as the palate

 tastes its food?” Job 12:11



It is easy to overlook Jesus the Thinker! Much

 has been written on Jesus the Redeemer, Jesus

 the Healer, Jesus the Miracle Worker, Jesus the

Messiah, Jesus the Lord, etc., but the topic of

Jesus as the greatest thinker of all time doesn’t

 seem to get as much attention.




Understanding Jesus, the Thinker, and his use

of powerful arguments can turn out to be

invaluable in today’s hostile world. The gospels

 dedicate an enormous amount of time and

space describing how Jesus engaged the

arguments and responded to the attacks that

were launched against his truth claims. In doing

so, Jesus engaged in a reasoned defense of the

faith using critical thinking as one of his primary

tools.




As Douglas Groothuis so powerfully asserts,

“When Jesus defended the crucial claims of

Christianity—He was its founder, after all—He

was engaging in apologetics, often with the best

 minds of first-century Judaism.”(1)  As

Christians facing hostile arguments and attacks

on our faith, there is much to learn from a careful

 consideration of those encounters.

 


John 21 - Jesus Appears at the Sea of Galilee and Reinstates Peter


Preliminary Considerations


Jesus’ engagements were under-girded by the

desire to attract (not alienate) the lost. Above the

 strategies and specific critical thinking skills

Jesus employed, we find Jesus gently and

respectfully seeking to persuade his opponents.

He was not out to destroy them, but rather to

enlighten them. Dallas Willard is on point when

he affirms that, “Jesus’ aim in utilizing logic is

not to win battles, but to achieve understanding

 or insight in his hearers.” This ought to be our

objective as well.  We are called to demolish

arguments—not people! We must constantly

remind ourselves that we are not trying to win

arguments, but rather win people over to the

 truth of the Gospel.

 


The Big Question (?) - Why was there a need for Jesus to show Himself to  the disciples after His resurrection? Why didn't He just go straight to  heaven after resurrection? (Reason #




Jesus’ pedagogical strategy was very effective.

 He was able to engage his opponents in the

thinking process by making them active

participants instead of passive listeners. As

Willard explains, “…he does not try to make

everything so explicit that the conclusion is

 forced down the throat of the hearer.



Rather, he presents matters in such a way that

those who wish to know can find their way to, can

 come to, the appropriate conclusion as

something they have discovered—whether or not

it is something they particularly care for.”

 


JESUS TALKS ABOUT JUDGING OTHERS | A CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGE


As an educator


As an educator I can attest to the effectiveness

 of this strategy. Too often we focus, almost

exclusively, on presenting strong arguments

and lists of evidences without really engaging

those we are attempting to persuade.  Asking

questions was one of Jesus’ most successful

strategies for getting his audience actively

involved in what he was attempting to teach.



 These questions were meant to allow his

opponents to reach certain conclusions on their

 own without him having to spell it out for them.

 We must learn the art of engaging people in

thought and not just conversation.



Jesus was not concerned with being politically

correct, especially when it came to unmasking

errors in the opinions and arguments of his

opponents. Whether he was speaking to the

Pharisees or the to a Roman governor, he was

quick to correct erroneous thoughts and ideas.

 
 




Extensive disputes


As Groothuis so clearly explains, “Jesus engaged in

 extensive disputes, some quite heated, mostly with

 the Jewish intellectual leaders of His day. He did

not hesitate to call into account popular opinion if it

was wrong. He spoke often and passionately about

the value of truth and the dangers of error, and He

articulated arguments to support truth and oppose

error.”




In an age of intolerance towards the Christian faith,

we must continue to stand firmly for truth and

against error.  We must do this, as Jesus did, with

the right attitude (gentleness and respect) and with

strong sound arguments.

Life of Jesus Christ: Suffer the Little Children to Come unto Me

Jesus was a master logician.  He used a wide

variety of arguments and did so with extraordinary

skill. An exhaustive review of Jesus’ use of logic

 and critical thinking would be a very rewarding

endeavor, but it is beyond the scope of this article.

 Nevertheless, let us consider five examples of

how Jesus employed the various types of logical

arguments.

 


jesus-peter-lovest-thou-me (2) | Pathway of Blessing



1) Jesus’ Use of A Fortiori Arguments


Jesus often used a fortiori arguments.

The latin phrase ‘a fortiori’ means, “from

something stronger.” These are very persuasive

 arguments that build the case for a particular

proposition by showing that it has even stronger

 support than other related propositions

commonly accepted as true.




The structure is as follows:


Premise 1:  Proposition “X” is widely accepted.

Premise 2:  Support for proposition “Y” is even

 stronger than the support for proposition “X”

Conclusion:  Therefore, if proposition “X” is

accepted, then proposition “Y” should be

accepted all the more. Consider the exchange

 found in Luke 13:14-16.




Jesus was continually attacked for supposed

violations of the Sabbath. In this passage,

Jesus presents an a fortiori argument in his

defense as follows:


Premise 1: Loosening the cattle from their stall

to taking them out to water on the Sabbath is

widely practiced and accepted by the

Pharisees.



Premise 2: This woman, a daughter of

Abraham, (far more valuable than cattle) has

been bound by Satan for 18 years and has also

been loosed on the Sabbath.



Conclusion:

Therefore, if it is acceptable to loosen the cattle

 on the Sabbath, then it should be even more

acceptable to loosen a daughter of Abraham.

 


Will You Stumble Because of Jesus? | Watchtower Study


2) Jesus’ Use of Disjunctive Syllogisms

 (or Argument by Elimination)


This type of argument usually consists of a

premise with two options, a second premise

denying one of the options, and a conclusion

asserting the remaining option.  The idea is to

eliminate all of the options until one is left as

 the only possible answer.  The structure is as

follows:

The Meaning of Claims – Critical Thinking Taster

Premise 1:  Either p or q

Premise 2:  Not- q

Conclusion:  Therefore: p


Consider the words of Jesus in Luke 11:23.

Where Jesus confronts the Pharisees with TWO

 Disjunctive Syllogism in the same verse as

follows:


Premise 1:  Either you are with me or you are

against me.




Premise 2:  They were obviously not with him

(since they were attacking him)



Conclusion:  Therefore: they were against him.



Premise 1:

 Either you gather with me or you scattereth.


Premise 2:

 They were obviously not gathering with him


Conclusion:

Therefore: they were scattering.

 


3) Jesus’ Use of Hypothetical Syllogisms

 (or Chain Argument)

3 lessons from the women who followed Jesus in Galilee - LDS Living


This type of argument consists of three

conditional statements linked together as

follows:

When/Then and If/Then | More Good Days – Parenting Blog



Premise 1: If p then q

Premise 2:  If q then r

Conclusion:  Therefore: If p then r

Consider the words of Jesus to his disciples

prior to sending them out in Matthew 11:40.

 He uses a Hypothetical Syllogism to explain

 the impact that receiving their message would

 have for those who believed.


Premise 1: If they receive you then they

receive me.



Premise 2:  If they receive me then they

 receive him that sent me.



Conclusion:


 (implied) Therefore: If they receive you then

they receive him that sent me.

 



Listen to Jesus speak through parables – Welcome to Wales Parish Church



4) Jesus’ Use of Syllogisms


A syllogism is a three-line argument in which the

 premises lead to a definite conclusion. By using

 deductive reasoning, the argument establishes

the conclusion without question. If the premises

 are true than the conclusion must also be true.

A common form is known as Modus Tollens and

 is structured as follows:



Premise 1:  If p then q

Premise 2: Not- q

Conclusion: Therefore: not p


Consider the words of Jesus in John 8:47 where

 he has been engaged in a long series of

arguments with the scribes and Pharisees that

leads to this powerful argument.



Premise 1:

 If you are of God then you heareth God’s words



Premise 2:

 You hear them not.


Conclusion: 

Therefore: you are not of God


Sometimes the argument is easier to see in the

 paraphrase versions of the Bible. For example,

 this verse reads as follows in the Living Bible:

“Anyone whose Father is God listens gladly to

the words of God. Since you don’t, it proves you

 aren’t his children.”

 


Monday of 15th Week of the Year, July 13, 2020 - Claretian Missionaries


5) Jesus Wisdom in dealing with the


 Horns of a Dilemma



The Pharisees were constantly trying to trap

Jesus. They plotted and schemed to come up with

 arguments that would trap Jesus, regardless of

his response. This is known in philosophy as a

dilemma. The argument presents two alternatives

 as if they were the only options and responding

with either option gets you in trouble. That is why

 it is often referred to as being trapped in “the

horns” of a dilemma. They tried numerous times

throughout Jesus’ ministry, but were always

unsuccessful due to his mastery of logic and his

divine wisdom.



Consider the passage in Matthew 22:15-22.

Matthew prefaces the dialogue with the warning

 in verse 15 that the Pharisees “took counsel how

 they might entangle him in his talk.” (KJV). The

present Jesus with a dilemma regarding the

paying of tributes (taxes) to Caesar. The two

horns of the dilemma are presented in verse 17,

“What thinkest thou? Is it lawful to give tribute

 unto Caesar, or not?” (KJV). If Jesus answered

that it was lawful, then he was recognizing that

Caesar was a higher authority than he was. If

Jesus answered no, then he would be declaring

himself an enemy of Caesar.



However, they never anticipated Jesus’ response.

 Jesus presented a third alternative—“Render

therefore unto Caesar the things which are

Caesar’s; and unto God the things that are

God’s.” (22:21 KJV). As was usually the case,

“they marveled, and left him, and went their way.”

(22:22 KJV). Jesus’ intellectual brilliance was

enough to leave anyone, even his most ardent

 opponents, speechless and in awe.
 


SIXTEENTH SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME, JULY 22, 2018 - Claretian Missionaries


Conclusion


We are called to always be prepared to give an

answer to anyone that demands a reason for the

 hope that is within us, but how do we go about

doing that? I think here, as in other areas of our

walk, Jesus presents a wonderful model to follow.



Jesus modeled for us the attitude with which we

are to engage this world as well as the

methodology. As Geisler and Zukeran suggest,

“Since reason and logical arguments were a part

 of Jesus’s defense, the apologist and all

Christians today should make this an area of

study as they engage in the battle of ideas.” 



As we endeavor to engage in this dark world with

 the light of God’s Truth, we must be careful not to

 skip the mind and focus only on the heart, as is

so often the case. God wants us to love Him with

all of our hearts AND all of our minds. Only then

will we be truly stable in our walk with the Lord.

This should be paramount in our strategies for

fulfilling our mission.


 


Jesus' Conversation with Peter - Gospelimages



“The mission


“The mission of transforming lives and bringing

people to faith in Christ does not come by moving

 people emotionally; God does not bypass the

mind to speak to the heart. Logic and well-

reasoned arguments are required to refute false

 beliefs and turn people in the direction of truth.”




Spending time with Jesus, the Thinker, and

studying his use of critical thinking, logic and

powerful arguments can be instrumental in

fulfilling our calling as Christians to engage our

world with Truth.

 



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