Direct & Indirect.

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Direct and Indirect Speech With Examples and Explanations - Owlcation









Mr. / Girgis




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What is Direct & Indirect Speech?



Direct speech – reporting the message of the


 speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.


Direct speech example: Maya said ‘I am busy now’.


 


Direct and Indirect Speech: The differences explained





Indirect speech:


reporting the message of the speaker in our own 


words


Indirect speech example:


 Maya said that she was busy then.

 



Rule 1 – Direct To Indirect Speech 


Conversion – Reporting Verb





When the reporting verb of direct speech is in

past tense then all the present tenses are changed to 

the corresponding past tense in indirect speech.





Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: She said, ‘I am happy’.


Indirect: She said (that) she was happy.


In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the


words used within the quotes (‘’) talk of a habitual


 action or universal truth.






Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: He said, ‘We cannot live without air’.


Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air.


The tenses of direct speech do not change if the


 reporting verb is in the future tense or present tense.






Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: She says/will say, ‘I am going’


Indirect: She says/will say she is going.



 



Rule 2 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech



 conversion – Present Tense

 

Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.


Direct to indirect speech example:




Direct: “I have been to Boston”, she told me.


Indirect: She told me that she had been to Boston.




  • Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous

Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: “I am playing the guitar”, she explained.


Indirect: She explained that she was playing the guitar.





  • Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect


Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: He said, “She has finished her homework“.


Indirect: He said that she had finished her homework.


Simple Present Changes to Simple Past


Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: “I am unwell”, she said.


Indirect: She said that she was unwell.

 



Rule 3 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 conversion – Past Tense & Future Tense





  • Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect



Direct to indirect speech example:


Direct: She said, “Irvin arrived on Sunday.”


Indirect: She said that Irvin had arrived on Sunday.




Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous


Direct to indirect speech example



Direct: “We were playing basketball”, they told me.


Indirect: They told me that they had been playing


basketball.




  • Future Changes to Present Conditional



Direct to indirect speech example


Direct: She said, “I will be in Scotland tomorrow.”


Indirect: She said that she would be in Scotland


 the next day.




  • Future Continuous Changes to Conditional

Continuous


Direct to indirect speech example


Direct: He said, “I’ll be disposing of the old computer


next Tuesday.”


Indirect: He said that he would be disposing of the old


computer the following Tuesday.

 



Rule 4 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Interrogative Sentences






  • No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct

  • speech begins with a question (what/where/when) 

  • as the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause.




Direct to indirect speech example


Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy.


Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived.



  • If a direct speech sentence begins with an auxiliary verb/helping

  • verb, the joining clause should be if or whether.




Direct to indirect speech example


Direct: She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?


Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the 


party.




  • Reporting verbs such as ‘said/ said to’ changes to inquired, asked, or demanded.



Direct to indirect speech example


Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you wearing’?


Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing.

 




Rule 5 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Changes in Modals




While changing direct speech to indirect speech,


 the modals used in the sentences change like:



Can becomes could


May becomes might

Must becomes had to /would have to


Check the examples:


Direct : She said, ‘She can dance’.


Indirect: She said that she could dance.


Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’.


Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.


Direct: Rama said, ‘I must complete the assignment’.


Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the 


assignment.



There are modals that do not change –


 Could, Would, Should, Might, Ought to


Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’


Indirect: She said that she should clean the house.



 



Rule 6 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Pronoun





The first person in direct speech changes as

per the subject of the speech.



Direct speech to indirect speech examples-


Direct: He said, “I am in class Twelfth.”


Indirect: He says that he was in class Twelfth.




The second person of direct speech changes as


 per the object of reporting speech.





Direct speech to indirect speech examples –


Direct: She says to them, “You have done your work.”


Indirect: She tells them that they have done their work.


The third person of direct speech doesn’t change.





Direct speech to indirect speech examples –


Direct: He says, “She dances well.”


Indirect: He says that she dances well.


 



Rule 7 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Request, Command,


 Wish, Exclamation





Indirect Speech is supported by some verbs like

 requested, ordered, suggested and advised.

 Forbid-forbade is used for negative sentences.

Therefore, the imperative mood in the direct

speech changes into the Infinitive in indirect 

speech.




Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’.


Indirect: She requested her to complete it.


Direct: Hamid said to Ramid, ‘Sit down’.


Indirect: Hamid ordered Ramid to sit down.


In Exclamatory sentences that express grief,


sorrow, happiness, applaud, Interjections are


 removed and the sentence is changed to an


assertive sentence.



Direct: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone’.


Indirect: She exclaimed sadly that she was broke.

 


.

Rule 8 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Punctuation




In direct speech, the words actually spoken

should be in (‘’) quotes and always begin with a capital 

letter.



Example: She said, “I am the best.”


Full stop, comma, exclamation or question mark,


are placed inside the closing inverted commas.




Example: They asked, “Can we sing with you?”


If direct speech comes after the information


about who is speaking, a comma is used to


introduce the speech, placed before the first inverted 


comma.




Direct speech example: He shouted, “Shut up!”


Direct speech example: “Thinking back,” he said,


“she didn’t expect to win.” (Comma is used to separate


 the two direct speeches and no capital letter to begin


 the second sentence).


 



Rule 9 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech


 Conversion – Change of Time




In direct speeches, the words that express nearness

 in time or place are changed to words that express

 distance in indirect speech. Such as :



Now becomes then    
            
Here becomes there

Ago becomes before    
          
Thus becomes so

Today becomes that day 
      
Tomorrow becomes the next day

This becomes that            
   
Yesterday becomes the day before

These become those           
 
Hither becomes thither

Come becomes go        
           
Hence becomes thence

Next week or month becomes following week/month


Examples:


Direct: He said, ‘His girlfriend came yesterday.’


Indirect: He said that his girlfriend had come the day 


before.


The time expression does not change


if the reporting verb is in the present tense or 


future tense.



Examples:


Direct: He says/will say, ‘My girlfriend came 


yesterday.’


Indirect:  He says/will say that his girlfriend had come


 the day before.

 



Rules of converting Indirect Speech into


 Direct Speech




The following rules should be followed while


converting an indirect speech to direct speech:


Use the reporting verb such as (say, said to) in


its correct tense.



Put a comma before the statement and the first letter


 of the statement should be in capital letter.


Insert question mark, quotation marks, exclamation mark


and full stop, based on the mood of the sentence.


Remove the conjunctions like (that, to, if or whether)


 wherever necessary.


Where the reporting verb is in past tense in indirect,


 change it to present tense in the direct speech.


Change the past perfect tense either into present perfect


 tense or past tense, as necessary.




Check the examples:


Indirect: She asked whether she was coming to the 


prom night.


Direct: She said to her, “Are you coming to the prom 


night?”


Indirect: The girl said that she was happy with her result.


Direct: The girl said. “I am happy with my result.”



 



Q.1. Find out the correct indirect speech:


She said,’ I have baked a cake’


She said that she baked a cake


She said that she had baked a cake.


She said that I baked a cake.


She said that she had bake a cake.


Answer (2) She said that she had baked a cake.




Q.2. Choose the correct sentence.


Aviral said, ‘What a beautiful rainbow it is’.


Aviral exclaimed wonderfully that the scenery was 


very beautiful.





Answer (4) Aviral exclaimed with wonder that the 


scenery was very beautiful.



Q.3. The correct indirect speech for ‘This world’, she 


said, ‘is full of sorrow. Wish that I were dead’. is?


She observed that the world is full of sorrow.


She wished to be dead.


She said that the world was full of sorrow.


She wished to be dead.


She observed that the world was full of sorrow.


 She wished to be dead.


She observed that the world was full of sorrow.


She wished to die.




Answer (1) She observed that the world is full of 


sorrow.


She wished to be dead


 



Q.4. The policeman said, ‘Where are the weapons?’


The policeman inquired where was the weapons.


The policeman inquired where are the weapons.


The policeman inquired where were the weapons.


The policeman questioned where were the weapon.


Answer (3) The policeman inquired where were the 


weapons.



Q.5. The man said, ‘Ah! I am ruined.’


The man cried that he was in ruined.


The man exclaimed in grief that he was ruin.


The man said that Ah, he is ruined.


The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.



Answer (4) The man exclaimed with sorrow that he 


was ruined.

 


Apply these methods:


1-Competency-based teaching method


2-CLT Method.



3-Mind-mapping.



4-Constructivism.



5-Discovery education.



6-Teaching Approaches.


9-Teaching Unplugged.


10--How to conduct ELT workshop



11-Task-based language teaching.


12-Teaching Methods for 4 stages


13-Project-based learning method.

More Resources:


1-Pre-Shool Education.


2-Primary Education..


3-Middle School Education


4--High schools Education.


5-A Education System.



6-UK Education System


7-Egyptian Education System.


8-Classroom Language  Journal.

     

9-Creating a storytelling Classroom.


10- Twenty Testing mistakes to avoid.


11-Referencing


12-Blogs and Ning


13-Communication practice


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