We are going to see: How the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech and Indirect back to Direct Speech is done.
We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:
1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.
2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.
Example:
• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
1- Statement:
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.
It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made.
Thus:
i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.
Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:
A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.
a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.
b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.
c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
Example:
• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.
d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example:
• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.
NOTE:
The shall of the future is changed into should.
The will of the future is changed into would.
The can and may of the future are changed into could and might respectively.
Another Notice:
B. The tenses will not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can often choose whether to keep The original tenses or change them.
Examples:
• Direct: “I know her address”, said John.
• Indirect: John said that he knows/knew her address.
In this Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a correct one.
• Direct: The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
• Indirect: The teacher said that the earth goes/went round the sun.
• Direct: She said, “German is easy to learn.”
• Indirect: She said that German was/is easy to learn.
The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.
An important rule:
C. If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the present tense.
Examples:
• Direct : He says, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He says that he is unwell.
• Direct : He says, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He says that his mother is writing letter.
• Direct: He says, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he says that he has passed the examination.
• Direct: He says, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he says that his horse died in the night.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
D. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, Rather than with the original speaker are indicated.
Examples:
• Direct: He said to me, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: He said that he did not believe me.
• Direct: She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: She said to him that she did not believe him.
• Direct: I said to him, “I did not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to him that I did not believe him.
• Direct: I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to you that I do not believe you.
Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?
E. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.
Examples:
• Direct: He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
• Indirect: he said that he was glad to be there that evening.
• Direct: He said, “I was here yesterday.”
• Indirect: He said that he was there the day before. 
2- Question in reported speech:
F. How the questions used in the Direct Speech are changed into Indirect Speech?
In reporting questions, the indirect Speech is introduced by such verbs as asked, inquired etc…
Examples:
• Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
• Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
• Direct: A stranger asked me, “Where do you live?”
• Indirect: A stranger inquired where I lived.
• Direct: The Policemen said to us, “Where are you going?”
• Indirect: The Policemen asked us where we were going.
• Direct: He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
• Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
• Indirect: Would they, he asked, listen to such a man.
• Direct: His angry mother jeered, “Do you suppose you know better than your father?”
• Indirect: His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his father.
3-Command and requests:
G. How the Commands and the Requests in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into indirect Speeches?
In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.
Examples:
• Direct: Raja said to John, “Go away.”
• Indirect: Raja ordered John to go away.
• Direct: He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.”
• Indirect: he requested Mary to wait there till he returned.
• Direct: “Call the first witness”, said the Judge.
• Indirect: The Judge commanded them to call the first witness.
• Direct: He shouted, “Let me go.”
• Indirect: he shouted to them to let him go.
• Direct: He said, “Be quite and listen to my words”.
• Indirect: He urged them to be quite and listen to his words.
Exclamation, greetings and the Wishes:
In reporting exclamation and wishes, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing greetings, Exclamation and Wishes.
Examples:
• Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone”.
• Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.
• Direct: Alice said, “How clever I am?”
• Indirect: Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.
• Direct: He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
• Indirect: he applauded him, saying that he had done well.
• Direct: “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”.
• Indirect: He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to resolve.
Direct: He said to me," Good morning"
Indirect:He wished me good morning. / He greeted me.
Direct: He said to me, " Happy new year and merry Christmas.'
indirect: He wished me happy new year and merry Christmas.
Suggestion:
Direct: He said to me, " Let's go to the zoo"
Indirect: He suggested going to the zoo.
Indirect: He suggested that we should go to the zoo.
Offer:
Direct: He said to me, "Shall I open the window for?"
Indirect: He offered to open he window for me.
Request:
Direct: He said tome, Could you lend me 10 pounds , please?"
Indirect; He asked me to lend him 10 pounds.
Promise:
Direct: He said to me, "I will buy you a mobile."
Indirect: He promised to buy me a mobile.
Conditional sentence:
Direct: He said to me ,"If you work hard , you will excel."
Indirect: He told me that if I worked hard , I would excel.
Blame:
Direct: He said to me , "Why are you late?"
Indirect: He blamed me for being late.
Accuse:
Direct: He said to me , " You stole my wallet"
Indirect: He accused me of stealing his wallet.
Several sentences:
Direct: He said to me, "I don't have a camera. lend me yours? Will you agree?"
Indirect: He informed me that he didn't have a camera, asking me to lend him mine and asked me if I would agree.
The speaker is the reporter:
Direct: I said to him, " I am cheerful"
Indirect: I told him that I was cheerful.
