Direct & Indirect.

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Direct and Indirect Speech With Examples and Explanations - Owlcation

What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct speech – reporting the message of the

speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.

Direct speech example: Maya said ‘I am busy now’.

Direct and Indirect Speech: The differences explained

Indirect speech:

reporting the message of the speaker in our own words

Indirect speech example:

Maya said that she was busy then.

Rule 1 – Direct To Indirect Speech Conversion –

Reporting Verb

When the reporting verb of direct speech is in

past tense then all the present tenses are changed to the

corresponding past tense in indirect speech.

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: She said, ‘I am happy’.

Indirect: She said (that) she was happy.

In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the

words used within the quotes (‘’) talk of a habitual

action or universal truth.

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: He said, ‘We cannot live without air’.

Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air.

The tenses of direct speech do not change if the

reporting verb is in the future tense or present tense.

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: She says/will say, ‘I am going’

Indirect: She says/will say she is going.

Rule 2 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

conversion – Present Tense

Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: “I have been to Boston”, she told me.

Indirect: She told me that she had been to Boston.

Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: “I am playing the guitar”, she explained.

Indirect: She explained that she was playing the guitar.

Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: He said, “She has finished her homework“.

Indirect: He said that she had finished her homework.

Simple Present Changes to Simple Past

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: “I am unwell”, she said.

Indirect: She said that she was unwell.

Rule 3 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

conversion – Past Tense & Future Tense

Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect

Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: She said, “Irvin arrived on Sunday.”

Indirect: She said that Irvin had arrived on Sunday.

Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: “We were playing basketball”, they told me.

Indirect: They told me that they had been playing

basketball.

Future Changes to Present Conditional

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: She said, “I will be in Scotland tomorrow.”

Indirect: She said that she would be in Scotland the next day.

Future Continuous Changes to Conditional

Continuous

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: He said, “I’ll be disposing of the old computer

next Tuesday.”

Indirect: He said that he would be disposing of the old

computer the following Tuesday.

Rule 4 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Interrogative Sentences

No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct

speech begins with a question (what/where/when)
as the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause.

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy.

Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived.

If a direct speech sentence begins with an auxiliary verb/helping
verb, the joining clause should be if or whether.

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?

Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the party.

Reporting verbs such as ‘said/ said to’ changes to inquired, asked, or demanded.

Direct to indirect speech example

Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you wearing’?

Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing.

Rule 5 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Changes in Modals

While changing direct speech to indirect speech,

the modals used in the sentences change like:

Can becomes could

May becomes might

Must becomes had to /would have to

Check the examples:

Direct : She said, ‘She can dance’.

Indirect: She said that she could dance.

Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’.

Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.

Direct: Rama said, ‘I must complete the assignment’.

Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the assignment.

There are modals that do not change –

Could, Would, Should, Might, Ought to

Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’

Indirect: She said that she should clean the house.

Rule 6 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Pronoun

The first person in direct speech changes as

per the subject of the speech.

Direct speech to indirect speech examples-

Direct: He said, “I am in class Twelfth.”

Indirect: He says that he was in class Twelfth.

The second person of direct speech changes as

per the object of reporting speech.

Direct speech to indirect speech examples –

Direct: She says to them, “You have done your work.”

Indirect: She tells them that they have done their work.

The third person of direct speech doesn’t change.

Direct speech to indirect speech examples –

Direct: He says, “She dances well.”

Indirect: He says that she dances well.

Rule 7 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Request, Command,

Wish, Exclamation

Indirect Speech is supported by some verbs like

requested, ordered, suggested and advised.

Forbid-forbade is used for negative sentences.

Therefore, the imperative mood in the direct

speech changes into the Infinitive in indirect speech.

Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’.

Indirect: She requested her to complete it.

Direct: Hamid said to Ramid, ‘Sit down’.

Indirect: Hamid ordered Ramid to sit down.

In Exclamatory sentences that express grief,

sorrow, happiness, applaud, Interjections are

removed and the sentence is changed to an

assertive sentence.

Direct: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone’.

Indirect: She exclaimed sadly that she was broke.

.

Rule 8 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Punctuation

In direct speech, the words actually spoken

should be in (‘’) quotes and always begin with a capital letter.

Example: She said, “I am the best.”

Full stop, comma, exclamation or question mark,

are placed inside the closing inverted commas.

Example: They asked, “Can we sing with you?”

If direct speech comes after the information

about who is speaking, a comma is used to

introduce the speech, placed before the first inverted

comma.

Direct speech example: He shouted, “Shut up!”

Direct speech example: “Thinking back,” he said,

“she didn’t expect to win.” (Comma is used to separate

the two direct speeches and no capital letter to begin

the second sentence).

Rule 9 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

Conversion – Change of Time

In direct speeches, the words that express nearness

in time or place are changed to words that express

distance in indirect speech. Such as :

Now becomes then

Here becomes there

Ago becomes before

Thus becomes so

Today becomes that day

Tomorrow becomes the next day

This becomes that

Yesterday becomes the day before

These become those

Hither becomes thither

Come becomes go

Hence becomes thence

Next week or month becomes following week/month

Examples:

Direct: He said, ‘His girlfriend came yesterday.’

Indirect: He said that his girlfriend had come the day before.

The time expression does not change

if the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense.

Examples:

Direct: He says/will say, ‘My girlfriend came yesterday.’

Indirect: He says/will say that his girlfriend had come

the day before.

Rules of converting Indirect Speech into

Direct Speech

The following rules should be followed while

converting an indirect speech to direct speech:

Use the reporting verb such as (say, said to) in its correct

tense.

Put a comma before the statement and the first letter

of the statement should be in capital letter.

Insert question mark, quotation marks, exclamation mark

and full stop, based on the mood of the sentence.

Remove the conjunctions like (that, to, if or whether)

wherever necessary.

Where the reporting verb is in past tense in indirect,

change it to present tense in the direct speech.

Change the past perfect tense either into present perfect

tense or past tense, as necessary.

Check the examples:

Indirect: She asked whether she was coming to the prom night.

Direct: She said to her, “Are you coming to the prom night?”

Indirect: The girl said that she was happy with her result.

Direct: The girl said. “I am happy with my result.”

Q.1. Find out the correct indirect speech for the given sentence.

She said,’ I have baked a cake’

She said that she baked a cake

She said that she had baked a cake.

She said that I baked a cake.

She said that she had bake a cake.

Answer (2) She said that she had baked a cake.

Q.2. Choose the correct sentence.

Aviral said, ‘What a beautiful rainbow it is’.

Aviral exclaimed wonderfully that the scenery was very beautil.

Aviral said with wonder that the scenery was very beautiful.

Aviral exclaimed with wonder that the scenery is very beautiful.

Aviral exclaimed with wonder that the scenery was very beautiful.

Answer (4) Aviral exclaimed with wonder that the scenery

was very beautiful.

Q.3. The correct indirect speech for ‘This world’, she said,

‘is full of sorrow. Wish that I were dead’. is?

She observed that the world is full of sorrow. She wished to

be dead.

She said that the world was full of sorrow. She wished to

be dead.

She observed that the world was full of sorrow.

She wished to be dead.

She observed that the world was full of sorrow.

She wished to die.

Answer (1) She observed that the world is full of sorrow.

She wished to be dead

Q.4. The policeman said, ‘Where are the weapons?’

The policeman inquired where was the weapons.

The policeman inquired where are the weapons.

The policeman inquired where were the weapons.

The policeman questioned where were the weapon.

Answer (3) The policeman inquired where were the weapons.

Q.5. The man said, ‘Ah! I am ruined.’

The man cried that he was in ruined.

The man exclaimed in grief that he was ruin.

The man said that Ah, he is ruined.

The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.

Answer (4) The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.


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